i - J 



CODE, CODEX. 



CODES, LES CINQ. 



UM 



of the plug being so formed M to be turned by * moveable key, which 

 to inserted through hole in the brat* cap which it torewed on to the 

 top of the vertical chamber of the cook. 



In many cock* the principle of the revolving plug in altogether 

 deputed from. The simplest of them ooniisU of n curved tube of 

 which the end driven into the barrel a cloeed by a flat disc of metal, 

 covered with a leather washer, which may either be drawn into close 

 contact with the end of the pipe, or pushed back from it to allow the 

 liquor to enter. A more complicated cock on this principle has the 

 disc-valve applied to the lower end of n vertical pipe ; but instead of 

 working the valve by means of an internal rod, the screw of which 

 must be exposed to the action of the liquor, has two screwed rods, 

 outside the passage for the liquor, which are moved simultaneously by 

 the application of a key of the ordinary kind. Another kind of cock, 

 of which there are several varieties, has a solid conical valve, capable 

 of being either pressed into its seat, which must be ground with great 

 accuracy, or removed from it to allow the liquor to escape, by means 

 of a (crew. 



In drawing off liquors from a close barrel it is necessary not only to 

 open a passage by which the liquor may escape, but also to admit au- 

 to occupy tie place of the liquor abstracted. This is commonly 

 effected by means of a conical ping of wood called a vent-peg, which IK 

 inserted in a small hole in the upper part of the barrel, so as to pre- 

 vent the access of air when it is not required, but which may be taken 

 out while the liquor is being drawn off. A very convenient substitute 

 for the common vent-peg, intended especially for small beer-barrels, ia 

 manufactured in brass. It consists of a small tube of brass, which is 

 screwed into the peg-hole, closed by a valve which is kept in its place 

 by a spring, but capable of being opened by pressing the finger on a 

 small lever while the cock is open. Cocks have been contrived to 

 avoid the necessity of using a vent-peg, by causing an entrance for air 

 to be opened by the action of opening the cock ; thin is the meaning of 

 the familiar advertisement " No vent-peg required," in reference to 

 certain ale-barrels. 



The common mode of securing liquor-taps from improper opening 

 by the use of a moveable key in lieu of the fixed T-shaped handle, is 

 very imperfect, owing to the facility with which a key of the kind 

 usually employed is imitated, and the comparative ease with which the 

 plug may be turned round without a key. This has led to many 

 ingenious modes of locking the taps, but most of them are too expensive 

 to be brought into ordinary n .-. 



Some of the superior kinds of cocks are manufactured in fine brass, 

 and others, intended for use with vinegar or other corrosive liquors, of 

 a white alloy less liable to be injured by acids ; but the greater part are 

 formed of a peculiar alloy known by the name of tap-metal, made of brass 

 and lead. Cocks are cast in moulds, with a core, the plug and the barrel 

 being formed separately, and the vertical perforation in which the plug 

 works is afterwards turned smooth by means of a quadrangular steel 

 rinder. Cocks have been made of cast-iron, of porcelain, andrf other 

 materials. The/<mr-tiy cock is an ingenious contrivance : it consists of a 

 plug perforated with two distinct passages, and mounted in a barrel into 

 which four separate pipes or channels open ; and ita object is to con- 

 nect the four passages with each other in alternate couples, either by a 

 continuous revolution upon its axis, or by an alternating motion 



/Yy.7. 



Fig. 8. 



through one-fourth part of a revolution. Fiyt. 7 and 8, In which a 

 four-way cock is represented In section in two different positioi 

 illustrate thU action. In these diagrams, a, b, c, and d represent four 

 pipe* between which it is desired to establish a communication which 

 shall afcrd the means of connecting at pleasure the pipes a and b, and 

 c and d, or by a simple movement of the cook to disconnect these, and 

 connect a and d, and 4 and c. This simple apparatus has been adopted 

 by several of the inventors and improvers of the steam-engine, as a 

 OMMM of alUrnately admitting (team to and allowing it to escape from 

 each *nd of the engine-cylinder. It hat, however, been m great 

 mt*ure superseded by the slide-valve, in all the better kinds of steam- 



-DDE, CODEX. Before the use of molt materials, 



ropden tableto were employed by the ancient* for v, , 



tten tablet wat called codex, of which oodicillus is a diminutive. 



V**"""' ' D BrtrH. Vitn,' c. xiii.) Firnt they wrote by makirg notches 



ruwenU in thene tablet*, but afterwards they covered the-u with wax, 



* " ritiiig,* c. viii.) 



I ^Li W .T 1 $** lt * M ' whioh ** ** lnttu> omd, originally 

 U^lS ^!l^' or trunk of a tree ; afterwards, by an extended use, 

 it WM applied to collection of plank* or beam* forming a raft ( Aului 



Uell lib. x. c. 15) ; and then, by way of analogy, it came to mean a 

 book or collection of tablets, or sheeU of writing on skins of parchment. 

 52, pr.) Of ite general lignifications, then, the following may be 

 noticed : 1. It may denote any handwriting on parchment or paper. 

 2. The diminutive codici Hi , in the plural, besides meaning small tablets 

 of wax, memorandum books, letters, and diplomas, also stands in the 

 law books for codicil to a will, or leas solemn additions to a testament. 

 [CODICILLCS.] 8. A collection of laws is also called codex, or code in 

 modern languages, as in English and French. In this sense the word 

 is now most commonly used. There are several kinds of code*. A 

 code may be made by merely collecting and arranging in a chronological 

 or systematical order the existing laws of a state, which have been 

 made at various times by the sovereign power. Such a collection 

 i cither mode by public authority, at WM the case with the Codex 

 Theodosianug [TuEooosi.vN CODE] and Codex Justinianus [JUSTINIAN 

 CODE AND ROMAN LAW], or by private individuals, as is the case with 

 'the Codex Gregorionus and Hermogenianus. The Germans call col- 

 lections of n laws, made in the middle ages, "J 

 bucher " (books of rights). Very different from a mere compilation of 

 existing laws is a code (in German (jctttJmch, book of laws), by which 

 the legislative power sets up a new system of laws. A mere arrange- 

 ment and classification of existing laws ia more properly called a 

 Digest; if to this classification and arrangement selection be super- 

 added, it would still be properly only a digest. That some such notion 

 as this influenced Justinian in the choice of titles by which he distin- 

 guished his celebrated collections of laws and con may be 

 gathered from the words of the code. (See C. 1., 17, 8, 1.) A code, 

 though it may adopt many existing laws and customs, is now generally 

 used to express a complete new system, founded on new fundamental 

 principles; sucli principles, for instance, as are set forth in Bentham's 

 ' Leading Principles of a Constitutional Code for any State.' In 

 England, for example, if it were proposed to make a code, it might be 

 found useful or necessary to modify the law of tenures, or to abolish 

 certain kinds of tenures, such as customary tenures ; and also to pro- 

 vide positive rules for numerous cases that are still either totally 

 unprovided for or left duubtful by conflicting decisions, or regarded as 

 of little authority. (See Humphreys on Heal Property,' part ii.) 



CODEIA. [OPII-M, ALI&LOIDS OP.] 



CODEINE. [OPIUM, ALKALOIDS or.] 



CODELA, an alkali existing in OPIUM. 



CO'DES, LES CINQ, is the name given to several compilations of 

 laws, civil and criminal, made in France after the Revolution, and 

 under Bonaparte's administration. They consist of the Code 

 Code de Procedure Civile, Code de Commerce, Code d'ln-truction 

 Criminelle, and Code Penal. To these has been added the Code 

 Forestier, or regulations concerning the woods and forests, promulgated 

 under Charles X. in 1827. Henoe the whole collection is sometimes 

 called " Les Six Codes." But even thU number is nut correct, <w there 

 are also a Code de la Conscription, and a Code M Ii published 



under Napoleon. These two last are treated under COKSCIHITION and 



Oodt. Before the year 1789 France possessed no goiKi.il c.nlc 

 or body of laws recognised as authority throughout all parts of the 

 country ; for the ordonnances of the kings, like the old Roman < 

 tutions, although published for the benefit of the whole kingdon 

 obligatory throughout it from one end to the other, yet neither laid 

 claim to the dignity of codes, nor were intended to supersede the 

 ancient laws. Two rival systems of law divided the country : one, 

 that of the old customary law, embracing the provinces in the North ; 

 the other, that of the Roman or written law, embracing the provinces 

 in the South. Such n division as this, and such a separation of interests, 

 wen- iii themselves evils of no little magnitude ; but when, in process 

 of time, the number Of different and opposing customs became very 

 materially increased, another evil was added to that of conflicting laws 

 and legal principles ; namely, a natural and almost im-nrinount.ihlc 

 obstacle to a national union. To remove this was the aim of more 

 French kings than one, foremost of whom must be mentioned 

 Louis XI., whose efforts at establishing a uniform system of laws were 

 only stopped by hi-i ile.ith. In Henry III.'s reign, the publication of .1 

 code known by the title of ' Basilique,' and drawn up mul 

 Miipi I'intondence of the celebrated Brisson, was im y the 



dagger of the assassin ( I .Mat the reigns of l.-.i X III. and 



Louis XIV. were distinguished, the first by the of the 



Code Michaud in 1629, which shared the fate of its compiler, Michel 

 de Marillnc ; the second by the publication of no loss than ten ordon- 

 nances, passed either for the express purpose of codifying the several 

 portions of the existing French Inws. or with the view of removing 

 obsolete laws and obstn :< sic. (See the 'Collection des OMon- 



nances du Louvre,' published in l/i volume* between \TM and 1840.) 

 Hut however eager in the cause of law reform . nxious 



till the throne wa< "ii the, ruins 



of the monarchy that the great task of forming .1 French code was com- 

 menced. The first step towards realising this dream of former rulers 

 and legislators was taken in the year 1 "90, by the declaration announced 

 in the 19th article of the 2nd title of the law on the subject of judni.d 

 organisation, "A general code shall be f-oi ing of laws 



simple, clear, and appropriate to the constitution ; " but the fury of 



