1 11 



CODICIL. 



COFFEE. 



1011 



with great opposition in Italy. At HiUn the legislative body attempted 

 to modifv and adapt It to the habita and want* of th Italians. Two 

 commiM.ni> were appointe<l by the minister ol justice, one (or the 



, NT for thrOofe Pina! I - 



were tent to Para, but were rejeotc .-on, and on answer came 



with pwwnptorr orders to tramlato literally, and enforce the two 

 French code* without any alteration. At Naples similar objection!. 

 were aim made, but with no better effect (CollettA, Storia del Ream 

 ,li Napoli,' book vi.) 



For comment* and stricture* by French jurat* on the criminal law* 

 of Krnnoe, w Borenger, 'De la Justice Criminelle en France,' II 

 Dupin. '01 .serration! ir pliH.Mirs jH.inta importans do notre Logto- 

 htion ('nmiiicll. "s preliminatwi sur > 



n. Jurisprudence de Codes Criminels ' (Pr6- 

 irfdie du Droif (1845), Art. S, i 



comparison of the French :nid English system* of oriniin.il law, 

 MM Cotton, ' De rAdminwtrstion do la Justice Criminelle i-n Anulc- 

 terre, et de 1'eiprit du Gouvernement AngUla.' 



-.- nrp in France more than 3000 judges, including those of the 

 commercial courts, besides S840 iuges de paU. The judges of the 

 THIiunniix do Premiere Instance hare salaries varying from 2000 to 

 6000 francs; those of the Cours Imperiales, from 3000 to 8000. The 

 presidents and vice-presidents receive more in proportion. Tli 



ix receive about 800 francs, besides certain fees, 

 courts magistrates, grefflera, &o., cost the state about fifteen millions 

 i:e annually. (Qoldsmith, ' Statistics of France,' 1832.) 

 a general view of the judiciary system of France, see r . 

 itdes Institutions Judiciaires,' last voL ; and Rey, 'De i 

 . ; iidiciairos de 1'Angleterre comparers avec relies de France et de 

 quelquei autres Etats,' 1826. 

 CODICIL, [WILL.] 

 CODICILLU8, the diminutive of Codex, signifies ftfptttj a small 

 tnmk or stump of a tree (jxtrriM rocfr.i-). luit in process of time the 



iike Codex itself, various meanings given it, more e- ; 

 in the plural, when it came to signify little tablets smeared over with 

 wax, and marked or written on with a stylus. To the constant use of 

 .inning the ancients before the discovery of paper or the appli- 

 nf the papyrus, "Pliny bears witness in two passages nf tin 

 ml History,' in each of which he u?es the word codicillu 

 1 !. 13, c. 13 ; iind 1. 33, c. 4.) But after the invention of anothei 

 nl for writing on, another meaning was given to the w. 

 cilli, namely, that of memorandum, or note-book, in which entries were 

 . jotted down for the purpose of being copied in cxt 



I'hilip' 8, c. last but one ; ' Fain. Ep.,' 1. 9, op. ult. 



Not that this was the sole meaning of the expression, for we find 

 . and Seneca using it in the sense of letters, especially those 

 i.-d for neighbours and intimate friends. (Cic. ' Fain. Ep.' 6, 18 

 Seneca, ' Ep.' 66 in .fine.) From thin confined signification it was extends 

 t of a book, treatise, or writing (Tac. ' Ann.' 11, 34) ; to that of i 

 vial and petition (Tac. ' Ann.' 4, 89 ; 89) ; to that of a let 

 ferrliif? privileges, in which sense it is found in the Cod. Thcodos. tit. 4 

 . us a technical legal term to that of letters addressee 

 by a testator to the hen- or heirs named in his will, as to certain thinuv* 

 which the testator wished to be done by his heir or heirs after his 

 decease. (Hcinecc., ' Antiq.,' ii., tit. xxiii. and xxv., sect. xi.> 



The difficulty which existed, out of Home, of procuring the legal 



1: .iiiii n citizens as witnesses to a solemn will, led to the use 



The story of their invention and progress in the juris 



f Home is told very graphically in the ' Institutes ' (ii. 25) 



from which it appears that Lucius U-ntulu-. jn.it before his death ii 



Afric.i. had appended some codicillary memoranda to his will, addressee 



I , An"ustu, and in them had requested the emperor to do some ac 



. way of a JUei mrnmimm. These instructions were obeye< 



l.y the emperor, as well as by sundry other individuals who eem to 



-nts, whereupon Lentulus's daughter, pro 



of reverence fur her father's memory, took upon herself to 



legacies, which could not have l>een legally <' 



legatee*. '' <, it is then stated, inftuen. 4 by the 



novelty no lens than the advantages of UIH addition to the test.v 

 nmoned the leading lawyers of the day 

 ickwl by that of Trebatius, gave his formal assent i 

 -dicilli. From that time codicils beoam 

 nts. 



ill! have been defined to l>e supplements or additions to . 

 testament, which are to be considered as annexed to the will itself, fo 

 irpone of adding, explaining, or altering something in the prcvion 

 disposition, lint such a definition doe* not give an exact notion of th 

 t- nn ; and, besides this, it applies only to the cases where the person 

 miking the codicil diet testate ; consequently it does not take in 



ises where no will exists. More correctly, codicil is defined t 

 be a lew solemn will, in which, as well an in a solemn will or testament 

 every disposition that can be effected by a last will may be made 

 the appointment of direct heirs and cxheredation ; that is, th 

 disinheriting of sons, daughters, Ac. Codicil 

 t -.' purpose of naming bequests or legacies 



a'ready appointed by a testament, and I-T explaining and clearing n 

 "bscnritiei and want of precision in a testament. 



There are two species of Roman codicils : al> Intalal", when n man 



ho made a codicil died intestate ; and rottifi/i ad tntamet\tn>i 

 when he died testate. In the former cue the disposition-' in the 

 "licit had reference to the here* ab intest.it . or the person to 

 ae law gave the Intestate's pt< :.u second species 



ere either confirmed by the tent 



non oonfirmati). Before Justinian's time there were several differences 

 wtwecn these two aorta of codicils, particularly as to legata aii< < 

 commisea; but the different species of bequest* being put on the same 



viini of ,lu-tiniaii. th- n ceased. In th- 



f I'liny the Younger, a codicil made before a subsequent will ought 

 a be confirmed by the will (lib. ii., Ep. 1C) ; but this was aftci 

 lispensod \\i It.,' ii. 26.) Sometimes future c< 



\- a prospective will. 



written, in which cose they were cither public or 

 irivate; ns given to the heir. In 



irigta Codicils had E > the Knn :ntine 



I witnesses to ciKlicilli ab intestato, and to coilicilli i : . -n 

 ontinnali ; and Jii-'iiiinn n- jitired witnesses for all private codicilli. 



i wanting the K'gal fonns required for such a solemn 

 nstrument might 1'c- m - a codicil if the legal fonus for a 



odiril were oWn-ed. and the will contained what i.-i now termed 

 codicil-c 1 (See Brissonius, ' De Forinul.,' 



il.. viii. : (iainy, lib. ii. 7; and MuKeldey, ' Systema 



luris Uomani. 1 S ; 



' I'KlX. [I. AW AMI LlVil.SL.VTIOS.] 



I'd i:i-'l-'K'llCNT (in Algebra). When two or miv numbers are 

 niiltiplii-d to- called factor of the product, and 



i co-efficient (or co-factor, as it were) of the other factors. Thus the 

 factors of the product a x b x c are. . fc, ami c ; and a U the coefficient 

 of 6 x c, b of a x c, and c of n x 6. But the word is most frequently 

 used for that which should lie di*t mguished u a mnn :icient ; 



thus in Zx x 3y, 2 and 3 are respectively the coefficients of .r and y. 

 id is as old at least as the writings of Vieta, in which it has 

 -ent sense. 



When there is a multiplier depending upon the result of experiment 

 '..J with any particular property of matter, the nuui' 

 itly called the coefficient of that property. Thus by the co- 

 efficient of friction for any substance, is meant the fraction of the 

 pressure \\ h dent to the friction of that gubstm 



< '( )l-;i|( iKX, a small mortar for throwing grenades, invented by the 

 engineer of that name. 



MPTUS. [MAMtUca.1 



N-T.j 



roFFKK Mi:li,,,l utes of. The action >.f rotfee on the human 

 system is due chiefly to the empyreumatic oil, and consequently in 

 greatest when roasted ; but its extractive and also highly nitrogenous 

 must exert considerable influence upon the organs 

 of digestion. 



Coffee acts powerfully and peculiarly on the ganglionio system of 

 "iid their r and all th ,\ liich ore supplied 



tc-i the vitality of those nerves, and quickens all 

 The brain U likewise markedly acted upon by ii 

 i eased sensibility and greater energy of that organ during 

 the use -A the removal of all sense of fatigue it 



to sleep. I 'pon this depends, in addition to its local influence upon tin- 

 organs of dii 1 nilit.y of coffee in counteracting the enecta of 

 ich as opium or I'dladoima, and the favour it has 

 found among literarj 1 persons from I'liaMin^ them to carry on their 

 studies through the midnight hour without feeling oppressed by sleepi- 

 ness. It gr. i if taken after dinner, and also 

 checks t vising from the too free 

 use of wine. It excites the vascular system, and renders more powerful 

 the contractions of all the muscles, both voluntary ami invuluntii y. It 

 fita the system the; of cold and dam 

 is proper for nighi i he inhabiUuits of humid climates, 

 such as Holland. In v. it removes the languor which 

 oppresses tin sod to the excessive heat, and help* the 



liflce. 



ithout it." i icing disadvantages. For (:. 



persons, and those who h. ; , a tendency to abdominal congestions, it is 

 unsuited ; nn to piles it is in general improper, as 



well as for fci ICH of their system. It i likewise 



hurtful to pursoiii- : ry excitable vascular system, being upon 



the whole in those advanced in life, 



Coffee, like all stimulants, when i injurious extent, gives 



riso to distui -bailees, of the nervous system, particularly painful 



_- of the upper eye lid, to congestion or ha;uiorrhage, loss of 



digesting power, and obstruction of the liver and niia fiurln. Unlike 



.-mis sympt. i by tea, the greatest number of these 



complaints subside or disappear on discontinuing the use of the strong 



age. 



Coffee is much more extensively used as an article of diet than of 

 medicine. Raw coffee, either in the form of powder or of infusion, 

 has been found very serviceable in the cure of ini levers. 



(' Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal,' No. Ixii.) Raw coffee u 

 more nutritious than roasted. A strong infusion of coffee without 

 sugar or milk often removes megrim or hemicrania ; and also in some 



