17 



COLLEGIUM. 



COLLIMATOR. 



13 



the college then before him to be that the concurrent voice of the 

 president was necessary in all elections of its fellowships, expressly 

 rested his decision on the judgment of Lord Eldon in B. v. Catharine 

 Hall, 4 T. R. With reference to the subject of election to and tenure 

 o^fellowships, two modern cases are deserving of notice as bearing upon 

 the construction which the Court of Chancery puts upon college statutes : 

 these are In re St. Catharine's Hall (1 McNaght. & Gord. 467), and 

 exparte Edleston (1 De Gex, McN. & Gord. 742). The latter case is 

 important as maintaining the principle that new statutes embodying 

 old ones do, in the absence of any express intention to the contrary, 

 get rid of dispensing (or remedial) statutes. Before dismissing this 

 topic, it should be noticed, that the whole matter is now (1859) in 

 a transition state, the statutes of the different colleges being under the 

 iwision of a committee appointed by the government for that (among 

 other) purposes. 



Colleges (13 Eliz. c. 10) could not grant leases of their land beyond 

 twenty-one years, or three lives ; and in such leases the accustomed 

 yearly rent, or more, must be reserved, payable yearly during the 

 term. By 18 Eliz. c. 6, in all leases made by colleges in the uni- 

 versities, and by the colleges of Winchester and Eton, one-third of 

 the whole rent must be reserved in corn. By a very recent statute 

 (21 i 22 Viet c. 44), the subject of college leases and powers to 

 sell and exchange has been materially affected. The Act enables 

 the three universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Durham, and 

 their colleges, and the colleges of Winchester and Eton (a), to sell, 

 enfranchise, and exchange lands, (6) to grant leases for agricultural, 

 building, and mining purposes, and (c) to deal with the interests of 

 lessees. Under the first head they are empowered to sell, enfranchise, 

 and exchange through the medium and with the consent of the 

 copyhold commissioners; under the second to grant agricultural 

 leases for a term not exceeding 21 years at a rackrent, building and 

 repairing leases for a term not exceeding 99 years, and mining 

 leases for a term not exceeding 60 years ; and under the third, to 

 purchase the interests of lessees, either by payment of a gross sum of 

 money or by an annual charge upon the lands : at the same time power 

 is given them to raise the necessary sum or sums by mortgage, with 

 the consent of the copyhold commissioners. Power is also given them 

 to raise money for other purposes, such as the erection and improve- 

 ment of university and college buildings, and of the buildings on their 

 estates (27); and the Act is expressly declared to extend to lands held 

 by them in trust or for special endowments. The Mortmain Act 

 of 9 Geo. II. c. 36, which has put considerable obstacles in the way of 

 gifts of land or money to be laid out in land in England for charitable 

 purposes, does not extend to the two universities of Oxford and Cam- 

 bridge, or to colleges in the two universities, nor to gifts in favour of 

 the scholars of Eton, Winchester, and Westminster. This statute 

 contained a restriction as to the number of advowsons which a 

 college in either of the universities was allowed to hold ; but this 

 restriction was removed by 45 Geo. III. c. 101, having been found, 

 as the preamble to this statute sets forth, injurious to learning. These 

 colleges can therefore now purchase and hold as many advowsons as 

 they please. 



A collegiate church is a church that has a college or chapter of 

 canons, but no bishop, and yet is under the 'authority of a bishop. 

 (See AyliftVs ' Farergon,' p. 167.) These collegiate churches are some- 

 times simply called colleges. In the case of Manchester College, a 

 mandamus was directed to the Bishop of Chester, as warden of Man- 

 chester College, to admit a chaplain. The bishop happened also to be 

 visitor of the college. It was held by the King's Bench, that in the 

 cane of a spiritual corporation the jurisdiction was in that court, unless 

 there was an express visitor appointed ; and the court interposed in 

 the present case because there was no separate visitorial power then 

 existing, owing to the union of the wardenship and visitorship in the 

 same person. (Strange, 797.) This case wag afterwards provided for 

 by an express Act, 2 Geo. II. c. 29. 



As to the relation between the English universities and the colleges 

 within their limits, and the nature of a college in the English uni- 

 versities, considered simply in itself, see UNIVERSITY in this DIVISION ; 

 and CAMBRIDGE and OXFORD, in the GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISION. 



The statutes of all the old colleges in England are in Latin ; and, 

 indeed, with the exception of some comparatively modern endowments, 

 probably all college statutes are in Latin. Those of Eton College, of 

 Trinity College, Cambridge, and of St. John's College, Cambridge, 

 which may nerve as specimens of the statutes of such foundations, are 

 printed in the Education Reports of the House of Commons, 1818; 

 and now the old statutes of the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge have 

 been printed by the commissioners for enquiring into the two uni- 

 versities, the former in 1853, the latter in 1852. For the early history 

 and privileges of the universities, see, among others, Wood's ' Historia 

 Anti'|. Oxon,' Ayliffe's ' State of Oxford University,' and Dyer's 

 ' Privileges of the University of Cambridge.' 



M' iners (' Geschichte der Enstehung und Entwickelung der Hohen 

 Schullen,' *c., Gottingen, 1802, vol. i.) has given an interesting chapter 

 on the origin of colleges in universities. The colleges in the University 

 of Paris were the first institutions of the kind in Europe, though it is 

 a mistake to suppose them older than the university itself. 



The terms college and university have been often confounded in 

 modern times, and indeed are now sometimes used indiscriminately. 



ARTS AKD SCI. DIV. VOL. III. 



Some of the incorporated places of learning in the United States, 

 which confer degrees, are called universities, and some are called 

 colleges, though there is in fact no distinction between the two. Some 

 of these institutions called colleges contain the schools or departments 

 of arts, law, medicine, and theology ; and some that are called univer- 

 sities contain only those of arts, law, and medicine. Some of these 

 colleges are more limited as to the objects of instruction, but still 

 confer degrees. If we look to the origin of colleges, and their con- 

 nection with universities, it will be evident that the indiscriminate use 

 of these terms is incorrect, and tends to lead to confusion. When an 

 incorporated college, such as the College of Surgeons in London, is 

 empowered to confer a degree or title after examination of candidates 

 in a single department, some other name would be more appropriate. 

 The word Academia, which is the most modern of all the terms applied 

 to places of higher instruction, has been most usually applied to 

 endowed corporate bodies which have for their object the improvement 

 of some particular science or some particular branch of knowledge, in 

 some cases with the power to confer degrees in such particular science, 

 &c., and sometimes without this power. Yet the terms academia and 

 university have also often been used, and now are used indiscrimi- 

 nately. (Meiners, vol. iv., ' On the Different Names of High Schools ;' 

 Huber and Newman, ' The English Universities,' vol. i. ; and 

 Savigny's ' Geschichte des Rbrnischen Rechts im Mittelalter/ vol. iii., 

 ch. 21. 



The history of the Scotch universities shows that the terms college 

 and university were, both at the time of the foundation of these 

 institutions and subsequently also, used with little discrimination ; and 

 this carelessness in the application of the terms had led to anomalies in 

 their constitution, and no little difficulty in comprehending the history 

 and actual constitution of these bodies. (See the ' Report of the Royal 

 Commission of Inquiry into the State of the Scotch Universities," 

 printed 1831 ; and Maiden's ' Origin of Universities,' London, 1835.) 



In France, the term college signifies a school, though the constitution 

 of a French college is very different from that of our grammar-schools. 

 It conies nearest, perhaps, to a German gymnasium. Of these colleges 

 there are about 320, every large town having one of them. They are 

 maintained by the towns, their heads and professors being paid out of 

 the revenues of the communes. They are all under the superintendence 

 of the University of France. There are also about 40 imperial colleges, 

 in which the directors (adminlstratet/ra) and professors are paid by the 

 state. The College Impe'riale of France, founded by Francis I., has 

 above twenty professors, who lecture on the various sciences and the 

 Oriental languages. (See 'Journal of Education,' No. III., 'On the 

 State of Education in France.') 



On the subject of colleges, from a legal point of view, the reader is 

 strongly recommended to peruse an admirable argument on the rights 

 of the fellows of Harvard University by the late Mr. Justice Story 

 (' Miscell. Writings,' p. 294). 



COLLIDINE (C.,H U N). An organic base found in bone oil. It is 

 isomeric with xylidine. 



COLLIMATION, ERROR OF. In most instruments the line of 

 sight is supposed to have a certain relation to other parts. Thus in a 

 transit telescope it ought to be perpendicular to the horizontal axis, in 

 a circle or quadrant it should be in a horizontal or vertical direction 

 when the reading of the limb is or 90. When tfcis is not the case, 

 the difference between the existing and required positions is called the 

 error of collimation, which must be carefully ascertained, and be cor- 

 rected -or allowed for, or eliminated in the mode of conducting the 

 observations. This will be particularly explained as each instrument 

 comes under our notice. Many readers will have a general notion of the 

 error of collimation from the mode in which a workman tries the truth 

 of his square, or of the mason's level, which in principle is nearly 

 allied to the methods of astronomers. When the telescope was 

 originally applied to astronomical instruments, the mystery of ascer- 

 taining the true direction of a, line which could not be mechani- 

 cally examined, presented considerable difficulties to some observers. 

 Hevelius of Danzig never could be induced to apply telescopic sights to 

 his sextants or quadrants, and in consequence of this prejudice much 

 of the labour of his long and active life was completely wasted. 



COLLIMATION, LINE OF, the line of sight in any astronomical 

 or geodesical instrument. [CIRCLE.] Where a telescope is used, 

 this name is given to the line joining the centre of the object-glass 

 and the intersection of the fine wires or spiderwebs in its focus, this 

 being the direction of any object which is there seen bisected by the 

 observer. 



COLLIMATOR, the name given by Captain Kater to his con- 

 trivance for determining the error of collimation in any principal instru- 

 ment, without the reversal of the instrument itself. This reversal, 

 troublesome in all large instruments, and in mural circles and 

 quadrants, is forbidden by their construction. We shall give a sketch 

 of Captain Kater's collimators and those antecedent to his invention, 

 and a drawing and description of a level collimator, which on the whole 

 we think best suited for common use. Where the adjustments, &c., 

 mentioned are not described, the reader will find them in the article 

 CIRCLE. 



On referring to the description of each instrument, it will be seen 

 that the determination of the error of collimation requires 1. A well- 

 defined object, of which the direction remains unchanged ; 2. A re- 



o 



