M 



COLONNADE. 



COLONY. 



The derivation of the word is uncertain. It is supposed to have 

 been given originally to the leader of a body of men appointed to 

 found a colony ; or to have come from the word coronarius, indicating 

 the ceremony of investing an officer with the command of a corps ; or, 

 finally, from the word columna, denoting the strength or support of an 

 army. 



The title of colonel-general was, for the first time, conferred by 

 Francis I., about the year 1545, on officers commanding considerable 

 divisions of French troops, though, according to Brantome, it had been 

 given to the chief of an Albanian corps in the service of France at an 

 earlier period. When the troops of that country were formed into 

 regiments (the infantry about 1565, and the cavalry seventy years 

 afterwards), the chiefs of those corps were designated Mestres de Camp ; 

 and it was not till 1661, when Louis XIV. suppressed the office of 

 colonel-general of infantry, that the commanders of regiments had the 

 title of colonel. 



In England, the constitution of the army was formed chiefly on the 

 model of the French military force; and the terms regiment and 

 colonel-general were introduced into this country during the reign of 

 Elizabeth. It must, moreover, be observed, that in the regulations 

 made by the citizens of London for forming the militia in 1535, it is 

 proposed to appoint colonel* having authority over ten captains ; and 

 that both colonels and lieutenant-colonels are distinctly mentioned in 

 the account of the army which was raised in order to oppose the 

 threatened invasion of the country in 1588. Before the time of 

 Elizabeth, it appears that the commanders of bodies of troops 

 equivalent to regiments had only the general title of captain. 



The duties of coloneUi formerly are described in Ward's ' Animad- 

 versions of Warre,' which was published in 1639. The colonelcy of a 

 regiment in now an honorary title carrying a certain emolument with 

 it. See ' Hart's Army List." The colonels of regiments have little or 

 nothing to do with the actual command of the regiment, but are 

 generally general officers, who receive the colonelcy of a regiment 

 either by seniority or for distinguished service. The emolument above 

 referred to was derived formerly from the colonels providing the 

 clothing of a regiment, and being allowed the difference between 

 the price at which the contractor furnished the clothing and the 

 sum allowed by government. This has now been changed to a 

 fixed emolument, and the clothes are provided by government. 

 Colonels take precedence of one another according to the dates of 

 their commissions, and not according to the seniority of their 

 regiments. 



The lieutenant-colonel is in rank immediately under the full colonel. 

 He has the whole command of the regiment, and is responsible for the 

 drill and discipline. 



The annual pay of a colonel is, in the Life Guards, 1800J. ; in the 

 Grenadier Guards, 1200/. ; in the Coldstream and Scot* Fusilier Guards, 

 1000J. ; in the 1st Dragoon Guards, 1000/. ; in the cavalry regiments 

 generally, 900/. ; and in the regular infantry, 500/. The daily pay of a 

 lieutenant-colonel is, in the Life Guards, I/. 9. 2rf. ; in the Foot 

 Guards, II. 6*. 9d. ; and in the infantry, 17'. The price of a lieutenant- 

 colonel's commission is, in the Foot Guards, 90001. ; in the Life and 

 Horse Guards, 72501. ; in the Dragoons, 61752. ; and in the infantry of 

 the line, 4500/. For further particulars of rates of pay, Ac., see 

 ' Hart's Army List,' pay tables. 



COLONNADE, a general term for any range of columns supporting 

 an architrave. The term peristyle ia often applied in the same sense, 

 yet somewhat inaccurately, since it denotes a range of columns con- 

 tinued quite round a building or court, as in a peripteral temple, the 

 Town Hall at Birmingham, or the Bourse at Paris. The covered way 

 at the Quadrant, Regent Street, was a good example of a colonnade ; the 

 most familiar existing examples are the colonnade at the Italian Opera 

 House in the Haymarket, and the columned front of the British 

 Museum. 



CO'LONY (in Latin colouia, a word derived from the verb Colo, 

 colere, to till or cultivate the ground) originally signified a number of 

 people transferred from one country or place to another, where lands 

 were allotted to them. The people themselves were called Coloni, a 

 word corresponding to our term colonists. The meaning of the word 

 was extended to signify the country or place where colonists settled, 

 and is now often applied to any settlement or land possessed by a 

 sovereign state upon foreign soil. Thus Ceylon and the Mauritius are 

 called British colonies, though they are not colonised by Englishmen, 

 the former being inhabited by natives, and the second by French or 

 descendants of French colonists. The proper notion of the word 

 " colony " (as determined by the general use of the term) seems to 

 be a tract of land, either wholly or partly colonised, that is to say, 

 pOBseoijiil and cultivated by natives, or the descendants of natives, of 

 another country, and standing in some sort of political connection with 

 and subordination to that country, which is then called the mother 

 country. 



The formation of colonies is among the oldest occurrences recorded 

 in history or handed down by tradition. Maritime states, such as 

 those of Phoenicia and of Greece, possessing only a scanty territory, 

 would naturally have recourse to emigration as their population 

 increased. In both these countries the sea afforded a facility for trans- 

 ferring a part of their superabundant citizens, with their families and 

 moveable*, and their arms, to some foreign coast, either uninhabited or 



thinly peopled by less-civilised natives, who, by good will or by force, 

 gave up to them a portion of their land. The emigration might be 

 voluntary or forced ; it was no doubt in many cases the result of civil 

 contentions or foreign conquest, by which the losing party were either 

 driven away, or preferred seeking a new country to remaining at home. 

 The report of some remote fertile coast abounding in valuable produc- 

 tions would decide others. Lastly, the state itself having discovered, 

 by means of its merchants and mariners, some country to which they 

 could trade with advantage, might determine upon sending out a party 

 of settlers, and might establish a factory there for the purpose of sale 

 or exchange. In fact, commercial enterprise seems to have led both to 

 maritime discovery and to colonisation as much as any one single 

 cause. Such seem to have been the causes of the numerous Phoenician 

 colonies which, at a very early date, were planted along the coasts of 

 the Mediterranean. Tyre itself was a- colony of Sidon, according to the 

 Old Testament, which calls it the " daughter of Sidon." Leptis Magna, 

 near the great Syrtis, was also a colony of Sidon, according to Sallust 

 ('Jugurth." c. 78). Hippo, Hadrumetum, Utica, and Tunis, were 

 Phoenician colonies, and all of greater antiquity than Carthage. The 

 Phoenician coloniea extended along the north coast of Africa as far as 

 the Pillars of Hercules (the Straits), and along the opposite coast of 

 Spain, as well as on the Balearic islands, and Sardinia and Sicily. 

 Those on the Spanish coast seem to have been at first small settlements 

 or factories for the purpose of trade between the metropolis or mother 

 country and the natives. Several of them, however, such as Gades, by 

 degrees took the trade into their own hands, and became independent 

 of the mother country. The foundation of Carthage was an instance 

 of another kind. It resulted, according to tradition, from an emigra- 

 tion occasioned by the tyranny of a king of Tyre. There is another 

 confused tradition of a Phoenician or Canaanite emigration to Mauri- 

 tania, occasioned by the conquest of Palestine by Joshua, and men- 

 tioned by Procopius and Suidas, as well as by some Jewish commen- 

 tators. [BERBERS, GEOO. Drv.] The Phoenicians very early settled in 

 the fertile island of Cyprus, which lay opposite their own coast. Of 

 their settlements in the islands of the vEgean Sea we have only traditions 

 referring to times previous to the war of Troy, and mentioned by 

 Herodotus, and after him by Thucydides, who gays that the Phoenicians 

 and the Carians inhabited most of the islands, and carried on piracy, 

 until Minos, king of Crete, drove them away, and planted new colonies. 

 Herodotus says they had once a settlement in the island of Thasus, 

 where they worked the gold mines. They also had a settlement on the 

 Island of Cythera (Cerigo), which lay conveniently for their trade with 

 the Peloponnesus. Thucydides (vi. 2, &c.) also mentions that the 

 Phoenicians formed establishments on the promontories and small 

 islands on the coast of Sicily, from which they traded with the native 

 Siculi ; but that when the Greeks came to settle in great numbers in 

 that island, the Phoenicians abandoned several of their posts, and con- 

 centrated themselves at Motya, Soloeis, and Panormus, now Palermo 

 (which last probably had then another name), near the district occupied 

 by the Elymi or Phrygian colonists (who had emigrated from Asia 

 after the fall of Troy, and had built Kntella and Egesta), trusting to the 

 friendship of the latter, and also to their proximity by sea to their 

 countrymen of Carthage. These three Phoenician settlements, how- 

 ever, merged afterwards into Carthaginian dependencies. The Phoeni- 

 cians appear also to have occupied Melita or Malta, and the Lipari 

 islands, one of which retained the name of Phocmicusa. Of the 

 Phoenician settlements in the south part of Sardinia we have the report 

 of Diodorus (v.) and a fragment of Cicero pro Scauro, published by 

 Mai. The Phoenicians and Libyans are said to have been the earliest 

 settlers in Sardinia, and to have founded Caralis (Cagliari) and Sulci. 

 A Phoenician inscription was found in a vineyard at Cape Pula, belong- 

 ing to the monks of the order of Mercy, and was explained by 

 De Rossi, ' Effemeridi Letterarie di Roma,' 1774. But the undoubted 

 field of Phoenician colonisation was the north coast of Africa. There 

 the Phoenician settlements seem to have been independent, both of the 

 mother country and of each other. We have the instance of Utica 

 and Tunes, which continued separate communities even after Carthage 

 had attained its great power ; Carthage only exercising the hegemony 

 or supremacy. This seems to have been the case among the original 

 Phoenician towns ; Sidon, Tyre, Aradus, &c., each a distinct common- 

 wealth, forming a sort of federation, at the head of which was the 

 principal city, at first Sidon, and afterwards Tyre. A feeling of mutual 

 regard seems to have prevailed to the last between the various Phoeni- 

 cian towns and colonies, including Carthage, as members of one com- 

 mon family. 



The colonies established afterwards by the Carthaginians in the 

 interior as well as on the coast of Africa, Sicily, and Spain, were upon 

 a different plan from those of the Phoenicians : they were made through 

 conquest and for the purpose of keeping the country in subjection, 

 like those of the ROMANS [CAHTHAOE, GEOQ. Div.], with the re- 

 markable exception of the emigration colonies taken by Hanno to the 

 west coast of Africa. 



The earlier Greek colonies appear to have owed their origin to the 

 same causes, and to have been fountled upon the same plan as those of 

 the Phoenicians. Thucydides (i.) says, that "after the Trojan war, 

 and the subsequent conquest of Peloponnesus by the Dorians, Greece 

 being restored to tranquillity, began to send out colonies. The 

 Athenians, whose country was overflowing with people from other 



