COLONY. 



COLONY. 



part* of Greece, who had flocked thither for security, began to Mod 

 out column, int.. Ionia utd to many of the islands; the Peloponnesians 

 MM tlMin to luly. Sicily , and acme parU of Greece. But all UMM 

 i were wot after the Trojan war." Tb Dorian* from Megari*, 



Arp-. Corinth, and other pboM, ooloaJMd aome of the larger ialandi, 

 nut of Crete. Rhode*, Corcyra, M well M .ASgina, Co*, Ac. They 

 founded the Hexapoli* on the south west coast of Caria, in Asia Miner, 

 which district took from them the name of Doris. A colony of Laoe- 

 Vn-lllt founded Cyrene. The Magadan* founded Chalcedon, 

 Bymotium, Sdymbria, Heraclea. and other place, on the coast* of the 

 K'uiine, Sicily aUo wa chiefly ooluoiMd by Dorian*. SyracuM wa* 

 a Corinthian colony, which aftorwardi founded Acne, Catnarina, Ac. , 

 Oek wa* a colony of Rhodians and Cretan*, and Agrigentuni wa* a 

 colony from Oela. The Megarian. founded Selinu*. The Chaltidian* 

 built 'Naxus, which was the fint Greek settlement in Sicily, and after- 

 ward* took Leontini and Catana from the Siculi. For a more detailed 

 account of the numerou* Dorian colonio*, see K. O. Mutter's ' History 

 of the Doric Race. 1 



The Ionian* from Attica, another great branch of the Hellenic stock, 

 after the death of Codru*, the but king of Atheni, emigrated to 

 the weat ooaat of Ana Minor, which took it* name from tiieiu and 

 *tabli*hiMl there twelve citien or oommunitiei, which quickly rose to 

 a high degree of prosperity, and formed a kind of federal union. About 

 eighty year* before, the .Volians and Achnans, two nearly allied race*, 

 being driven away from Peloponnesus by the Dorians, had emigrated 

 to the coast of Asia Minor, where they formed colonies from Cyzicus 

 on the Proponti* as far southward* as the Hernias. I'hocjea was the 

 most northern of the Ionian town* on the border* of ^Golis. The 

 .Jvoliaoa lso colonised the island* of Leebus, Tenedos, and others in 

 that part of the /Bgnan, These emigrations were posterior to the 

 time of Homer, who mention* other people a* occupying that coast. 

 The Athenian* at a later date colonised Eubcca, where they founded 

 Chalet* and Eretria, and they also sent colonies to Naxos, to the islands 

 of Ceo*, Siphnos, Seriphos, and other islands of the .tgean. Many of 

 these colonies having thriven and increased, became colonisers in their 

 turn. The enterprising mariners of Phoctca formed various colonies, 

 the most celebrated of which is Massilia on the south coast of OauL 

 The Chalcidian* of Euboea founded Cunuc, on the west coast of Italy, 

 in the country of the Opici. Pirates from Cumae founded Zancle, but 

 a fresh colony of Samians and other lonians escaping from the Persian 

 invasion, in the time of the first Darius, took Zancle, and were after- 

 wards in their turn dispossessed by Anazilas, tyrant of Rhegium, who 

 called the town Measene (now Messina), from the name of his original 

 country in the Peloponnesus. The JSolians founded Dictearchia, 

 afterward* Puteoli, and they with the Cumieans are believed to have 

 founded Parthenope (Naples). Ionian colonists settled on the coast of 

 Sardinia. 



The Greek colonies on the east coast of Italy, getting aside the con- 

 fused tradition* of Arcadian immigrations, Pelasgian, Ac., supposed to 

 have taken place before the Trojan war, consisted chiefly of Dorians 

 and Adueans from the Peloponnesus. Croton, Sybaris, and Pandosia 

 were colonies of the latter. Tarentum was a colony of Lacedaemonians, 

 and Locri Epicephyrii of the Locrians. Greek colonies were settled 

 both on the north and east aide* of the Pontus (Black Sea), and also 

 on the north coast in the modern Crimea. [BOSPORUS, in QEOO. 

 Drr.] 



As to the relation* subsisting between the colonists and the natives 

 or prior inhabitant* of the countries which they occupied, it was 

 undoubtedly in most cases strictly in accordance with the right of the 

 strongest. Either the natives withdrew into the interior and left the 

 ground to the new occupants, as the Siculi did in several instances, or 

 they resisted, in which case, when overpowered, the men were ex- 

 terminated or reduced to slavery, and the conquerors kept the women 

 for themselves. In tome instances the older inhabitants were reduced 

 to the condition of serf* or bondmen to the new settlers. The records 

 of authentic history do not present us with an instance of any colony 

 being settled in a country where there were not previous inhabitants. 

 The consequence of the immigration of a new race, who seek to possess 

 themselves of the land, must be the extermination or gradual decay of 

 the prior race, unless the old inhabitants are .made slaved. So far as 

 we trace the history of Greek colonies in the scattered fragment* of 

 antiquity, such were the consequences of their colonial settlements. 

 On the ooaat of Italy it would appear that the Greek* pursued a more 

 humane or more politic course. They are said to have allied them- 

 aelve* to and intermarried with the native*, and by their superior 

 civilisation to have acquired great influence. It may here be remarked 

 that the Greek*, so far from being averse to foreign intermixtures, as 

 MOM have said, mingled their blood freely with that of all the nations 

 with whom they came into contact, and thus the civilisation of the 

 Hellenic stock was gradually introduced among nations less advanced 

 in the useful arU. 



What were the relations between these Greek colonies and the 

 mother country, and between those colonies that were of a kindred 

 racef 



This may be gathered pretty clearly from Thucydides. Epidamnus 

 wa* a colony of Corcyra ; but the leader of the colony (oUifrtit), the 

 founder of the colony, or the person under whose conduct it was 

 settled, was a Corinthian, who was called or invited, says Thucydidex, 



from- the mother city (called by the Greek* the metroppli*, / 

 or parent state), according to an ancient usage. Thu* it appear* that 

 if a colony wished to send out a new colony, thi* was properly done 

 with the sanction of the metropolis. Some Corinthian* anil 

 Dorians joined in the settlement of Epidamnus, which became a thriving 

 community, and governed itself independently of both mother countries. 

 In the course of time, however, civil dissensions and attacks from the 

 neighbouring barbarian* induced the Epidainnian* to apply to Corcyra, 

 on their metropolis, for assistance, but their prayers were not attended 

 to. Being hard prated by the enemy, they turned themselves to tin- 

 Corinthians, and gave up their town to them, as being the real founders 

 of the colony, in order to asve themselves from destruction. The 

 Corinthians accepted the surrender, and sent a fresh colon v t > Kpi 

 ilomniu, giving notice that all the new settlers should be on an r^n.,! 

 footing with the old settlers : those who did not choose to leave h..m.- 

 were allowed to have an equal interest in the colony with UUMC wlio 

 went out, by paying down a sum of money, which appears to have 

 been the price of allotment) of land. Those who went out gave their 

 services ; those who stayed at home gave their money. " Those who 

 went out," *ay* Thucydides, "were many, and those who paid il..-.\n 

 their money were also many." For the moneyed people it was in I'.n-t 

 an affair of pure speculation. The Corcyrteans, themselves originally 

 a colony from Corinth, having become very powerful by sea, anghtad 

 their metropolis, and " did not pay to the Corinthians the customary 

 honours and deference in the public solemnities and sacrifices, as the 

 other colonies were wont to pay to the mother country." They 

 accordingly took offence at the Corinthians accepting the surrender 

 of Epidamnus, and the result was a war between Corcyra and Corinth. 

 (i. 24.) 



Again, the Corcyncan deputies, who were sent to court the alliance 

 of the Athenians against Corinth, stated, in answer to the objection 

 that they were a colony of Corinth, that " a colony ought to respect 

 the mother country as long as the latter deals justly and kindly by it ; 

 but if the colony be injured and wrongly used by the mother country, 

 then the tie is broken, and they become alienated from each other, 

 because, said the Corcyrtcans, colonists are not sent out as subjects, 

 but as free men having equal rights with those who remain at home." 

 (i. 34.) This shows the kind of relation as understood by the Greeks 

 between the metropolis and its colonies. The colonies were in fact 

 sovereign states, attached to the mother country by ties of sympathy 

 and common descent, so long as those feelings were fostered by mutual 

 good-will, but no further. The Athenians, it is true, in the height of 

 their power, exacted money from their own colonies as well as from 

 the colonies of other people, and punished severely those who swerved 

 from their alliance, such as Naxos ; but this was not in consequence 

 of any original right of dominion as supposed to belong to the mother 

 country over the colony. Many of the colonies, especially the . 

 ones, which were the consequence of civil war or foreign invasion, wi-n- 

 formed by large parties of men under some bold leader, without any 

 formal consent being asked from the rest of the community : they 

 took their families, their arms, and their moveablps with them, to 

 conquer a new country for themselves; they left their native soil for 

 ever, and carried with them no obligations or ties. Those that went 

 off in more peaceful times, by a common understanding of the wh.'l.- 

 commonwealth, went also away for ever, and freely and voluntarily, 

 though under a leader appointed by the* parent state, to seek a country 

 where they could find an easier subsistence than at home. In 

 case it was a complete separation of a member from the body. When 

 the Athenians, in later times, took possession of parts of Eutxca 

 (Thucyd. i. 114), and of ^Egina (ii. 27), of Melos (v. 116), and shared 

 the lands among their own citizens who went there, the relationship 

 thus formed was of a different kind. In the case of .'Kgiiia the whole 

 population, which was of Hellenic stock, was turned out, and a body 

 of Athenians occupied their place, with the express object of being as 

 a body or community subordinate to the state of Attica, in order to 

 prevent the annoyance to which Attica had long been subject by the 

 proximity of an independent island so well situated both for the pur- 

 pose of annoying Attica and for self -defence. 



That the colonies of a kindred race should feel a common interest 

 in opposition to those of a rival branch is natural, and is proved among 

 other instances by the case of the deputies from Egesta in Sicily, who, 

 while requesting the assistance of the Athenians against the Syracusans 

 and Selinuntians, urged as an additional plea that the Leontines, who 

 were originally Chalcidians, and therefore akin to the Athenians, had 

 been expelled from their town by the Syracusans, ami showing that 

 it was the interest of the Athenians to assist a kindred people against 

 the prevailing power of the Dorian colonies in Sicily. (Thucyd. vi.) 



Before we pass to the Roman colonies, we must say something of 

 the system of colonisation among the other inhabitants of the Italian 

 peninsula in the ante-Roman time*. The Etruscans extended tin ii 

 conquests north of the Apennines in the great plain of the Po, and 

 founded there twelve colonies, the principal of which was Felaina 

 (Bologna). They afterward*, having defeated the Umbriana, many 

 years before the assumed foundation of Rome, extended themselves 

 into East and South Italy, penetrated into Latium, and took Campania 

 from the Oscans, where they founded likewise twelve colonies, the 

 principal of which was Capua, The Etruscans, being skilled in archi- 

 tecture, surrounded their towns with solid walls built of massive 



