CONCORDANCE. 



'!KTE. 



to itutrument by which the determination of the meaning of obscure 

 axprvMions may be greatly facilitated l>y rrfrrme* to all the pnrallal 

 pMMge*. " A good concordance." says Dr. Oedde* (' Prospectus," 

 p. 71), "i* undoubtedly the beat mean* of understanding the Hebrew 

 Script urea." While the Bible remained in manuscript, and wag not 

 divided into chapter* and verm, indices of the word* and phrase* 

 could neither be formed nor uacd ; but a* Boon aa thcue divisions began 

 to be made, the great importance of concordance*, or alphabetical 

 indices, wa* at once perceived, and aereral learned men employed 

 much time and labour in constructing them. The compiler <if the first 

 oooeordiuiee in any 1 inguage waa Hugo de St. Caro, or Cardinal Hugo, 

 who died in l-'ti.'. The earlieat concordance of the Hebrew text a by 

 Rabbi Hordecai Nathan, printe<l at Venice in 1523. Ita Hebrew title 

 ii. ' The Light of the Way.' It containa all the Hebrew root*, branched 

 into their various signification*, and la aaid to be the produce of ten 

 year* of inc Meant labour. A more correct edition waa published at 

 Basil in 1581, and a Latin translation by Keuchlin in 1556 ; but both 

 the Latin and the Hebrew edition* are extremely inaccurate. Tho 



i are, for the moot part, corrected in the work by Calasius, which 

 combine* the labour* of Nathan and Reuchlin. It in entitle.1 ' c..n- 

 cordantue Sacr. Bibliorum Hebr. et Lnt.,' 4 torn. fol. 1621. The addi- 

 tion* by Calaaiiu conriit of very learned and laborious etymological 

 remarks. The reprint of this ponderous work in London in 1747-9 

 contains among its subscribers all the crowned heads of Europe, in- 

 cluding the Pope. The work by the elder Buxtorf, ' Concordantim 

 Bibliorum Ebraicte nova et artificiosa methodo disposittc,' Ac., fol. 

 1632, is more correct than Nathan's ; but the references are made by 

 Hebrew letters, and to the Rabbinical divisions of the Old Testament. 

 An abridgment of it, by Ravins, is entitled, ' Fons Zionis, sive Con- 

 cordantie Hebr et Chald.,' 8vo. 1677. Dr. John Taylor, under the 

 patronage of the English and Irish bishops, published, in 2 vols. fol. 

 1754, ' A Hebrew Concordance, after the manner of Buxtorf, adapted 

 to the Engliah Bible.' It is a complete and useful book for the 

 English scholar. The ' Concordantiic Particularum Ebrtco-Chaldai- 

 carnm,' fol. 1675, and 4to, 1679, by Noldius, Theological Professor at 

 Copenhagen, is very valuable for the explication of paaaagea dependent 

 on the Hebrew particles, a comparison of which is made with the 

 Greek. The best edition U that of Jena, in 4 to, 1 734, with a Lexicon 

 of Particles, by Michaelis, extremely useful to the Hebrew critic. There 

 is also the ' Concordantise Librorum Veteris Testament! Hebraicjo 

 atone Chaldaicao ' of J. Fuerstio, fol.. Lips. 1840. 



With respect to concordances of the Greek Septuagint, we may 

 notice especially, Kircheri ' Concord. Vet. Test. Grsecte, Ebraois vocibus 

 respondents,' 2 torn. 4to, 1607 ; but the Hebrew being placed first, it 

 U mure useful for consulting the Hebrew than the Greek text. The 

 most complete and accurate work of this description i Trommii 

 ' Concord. Gnecis Versionis dicta; LXX,' 2 torn. fol. 1718. " I wish," 

 say MichaelU, " this Concordance were in the hands of every theolo- 

 gian." It contains Heb. et Chald. Indices ; but the book of Daniel is 

 omitted, the Septuagint version of it being at that time unknown. 



The most important concordances of the Greek New Testament are, 

 Betuleii ' Concord. Gnccte Nov. Test,' foL 1546. This is the first 

 which appeared : it is now extremely scarce. ' Concord. Gncco-Latinjo 

 Nov. Test, ab Hen. Stepbano Concinnato,' foL 1594, 2nd ed. 1624, is a 

 work unworthy of so distinguished a man, on account of its great 

 inaccuracy. Schmidii ' Nov. Test Graci vaiutar,' fol. 1638, revised 

 ed. 1717 at Got ha, was beautifully reprinted in 2 vols. 8vo, at Glasgow, 

 1819. It is much more correct and valuable than that by Stephens. 

 The ' Lexicon Anglo Gncco-Lat. Nov. Test .,' by Andrew Syinson, fol. 

 1658, i* a work of prodigious labour, but rendered almost useless by 

 its bad arrangement. The 'Concordance to the Greek New Testa- 

 ment,' with the Engliah to each word, by Dr. Williams, 4to, 1767, is 

 sufficiently complete for ordinary purposes. A very valuable work is 

 C. H. Bruder's 'Omnium Vacum Novi Testament! Grseci,' 4to, Lips. 

 1843. The first concordance to the Latin Vulgate U that by Cardinal 

 Hugo, entitled, ' Concord. Bibliorum et Canomnu/ fol. 1479. After 

 the revision of the Vulgate by Pope Sixtus V., a new and amended 

 edition of Hugo's work appeared at Antwerp in 1 (117, and subsequently 

 at Geneva in 1625, and at Paris in 1683. There have since been a great 

 number of reprints. The best is that of Avignon, 2 vols fol. 1786. In 

 compiling the original MS. it is said that the cardinal engaged the 

 service* of 500 Dominican monks. 



The first Concordance to the English New Testament was " im- 

 printed by Thomas Gybaon" previous to the year 1540. The first to 

 the entire Bible is by " Jhon Marbeck," London, in folio, 1550. Sub- 

 sequent to these there have been several, the principal of which are, 

 Knight's ' Concordance Axiomatical,' fol. 1610; Cotton's Concordance, 

 fol. 1618; Newman's large and complete Concordance, fol. 1643; 

 Bernard's ' Thesaurus Biblicus,' fol. 1644 ; Wilkins's Concordance, 4to. 

 1647; Powell's, 8vo. 1671; the 'Cambridge Concordance,' fol. 1689; 

 Bntterworth'*, 8vo, 1767. But by far the most complete and valuable 

 U the one by Alexander Cruden, the merits of which arc too well 

 known to require any remark. The first edition was in 4to, 1737 ; but 

 the most correct is that of 1810. An 8vo. edition, beautifully printed, 

 appeared in 1824. We mu -t notice finally thn ' Concordance < 

 lels,' by the Rev C. Cnitwell, 4to, 1790. It la a work of grra- 

 compiled with immense labour from n multitude of Bibles ami ('oiu- 

 mentaries in the Hebrew, Latin, French, Spanish, and other languages. 



For further detail* respecting the Concordances here mentioned, and 

 several other*, aee Watt's ' Bibliotheca Britannica ;' Orme'i ' Biblio- 

 theca Bibiica,' and Darling'* ' Cyclopedia Bibliographical 



The word ha* come to be used in a similar sense aa applied to other 

 work*. Twins and Ayscough each published a Concordance to Shaks- 

 pere, but they have been completely superseded by the exoell> 

 compiled by Mrs. M. Cowden Clarke in 1-17 



CONCORDAT is the name given to a formal agreement between 

 the nee of Rome and any foreign government, by which the eccleaias- 

 tical discipline of the Roman Catholic clergy and the management of 

 the churches and benefices within the territory of that government are 

 regulated. It i*, in fact, a diplomatic negotiation and treaty concerning 

 ecclesiastical affairs, including also temporalitie* belonging to the 

 Chinch. The frequent depute* between the popes and the variou* 

 states of Europe touching the right <>f ]; n:tini- to vacant sees and 

 benefices [RrNKrirn], and also about itn- claims of the see of Rome to 

 part, or in some case* the whole, of the revenues of vacant sees and 

 livings, and of the first fruits and tenths of those which it had filled, a* 

 well a tin' immunities claimed in various times and countries by the 

 clergy and supported by Rome, such as exemption from taxation, nnd 

 from the jurisdiction of the secular courts, the right of asylum for 

 criminals in the churches, and other similar claims, the particulars of 

 which are found in the history of every country in Europe ; - all these 

 have given occasion to concordats between the popes and particular 

 states, in order to define the rights of each party, to draw a line 

 between the secular and ecclesiastical jurisdictions, and thus put an 

 end to controversy and scandal. By the concordat of 1516 between 

 Leo X. and Francis I., the king abolished the right exercised I 

 chapters of electing the respective bishops, a right assured t.. t. 

 St. Louis and by the states of the kingdom under Charles VII. in 1438. 

 The parliament refused for two years to register thin concordat, as 

 contrary to the spirit of the general councils and the liberties of the 

 Galilean Church ; it registered it at last, March 19, 1518, " by express 

 and repeated commands of the king." (Gregoire, ' Essai Historique 

 sur les Libertcs de 1'Eglise Oallicane.') Concordats became most fre- 

 quent from about the middle of the 18th century, an epoch from which 

 the European governments have made themselves more indcp> 

 of the ecclesiastical power, and the popes have been for the most part 

 men of an enlightened and conciliatory spirit Benedict XIV., by a 

 concordat with the King of Sardinia, in 1741, gave up to the latter the 

 right of nomination to benefices in various provinces of the Sardinian 

 monarchy, which the sec of Rome had claimed till then, as well as the 

 temporalities of the same during a vacancy. A concordat was made 

 between the pope and Charles, king of Naples, about the same time, 

 by which the property of the clergy became subject to taxation, and 

 the episcopal jurisdiction in temporal matters was greatly limited. By 

 another concordat between Clement XIV. and the King of Sardinia, 

 the right of asylum to criminals in the churches was much restricted, 

 and full power was given to the respective bishops to expel and give 

 up to the secular power those guilty of heinous offences. But the 

 most celebrated concordat is that agreed upon between Cardinal 

 Consalvi, in the name of Pius VII., and the first consul Bonaparte, in 

 July, 1801. By it the head of the state had the nomination < 

 vacant sees, but the pope was to confer canonical institution, and the 

 bishops had the appointment to the parishes and their respective 

 dioceses, subject however to the approbation of the government. The 

 clergy became subject in temporal matters to the civil power, just like 

 laymen. All immunities, ecclesiastical courts, and jurisdiction* were 

 abolished ; and even the regulations of the public worship and religious 

 ceremonies, and the pastoral addresses of the clergy, were placed under 

 the control of the secular authorities. Most of these provisions remain 

 in force in France to the present day. Other concordats have been 

 made with some of the Italian states. By that of 1818 with Naples, 

 the king proposes the bishops, subject to the pope's scrutiny, and the 

 pope consecrates them ; the bishops have the right of censorship 

 the press ; and the ecclesiastical courts are re-established for matters of 

 discipline and for ecclesiastical causes as defined by the council at 

 Trent. Appeals to Rome are allowed. It appears from the above 

 facts, that the ecclesiastical authority and influence in Roman Catholic 

 countries vary considerably according to the concordats, if tli 

 any, entered into with Rome, or according to the civil regulations; 

 adopted and enforced by the respective governments towards the clergy 

 as towards laymen. The most recent concordat is that with \ 

 in 1855, by which the papal pewer was widely extended over all the 

 Austrian dominions, and a large amount of jurisdiction was granted to 

 it over all institutions for purposes of education, am! over works issued 

 from the press. In Sept. 1859, however, an imperial pi' 

 the Protestants, both Lutheran and Calvinistic, of Hungary, Ci 

 Servia. and Transylvania, from all subjection to Roman Calhol 

 thoritics, and provided for the ecclesiastical and educational regula- 

 tion <>f their communities by consistories of their own choosing. 



1 KETE, nncrcttim, in philology and metaphysics, U an epithet 

 applied to the conception or expression of a quality which 1 1 lYrs to or 

 implies some particular subject in which the quality ex ate. It u used 

 to denote a term having a natuiiilly imp) Aith a subject; in 



other words, it signifies a quality ace ,ih it particular sub- 



je.-t, without any mental sep:ir.iti<>n or .il'htraction, as learned, long, 

 wise.round. Itwti nctly opposed to abttru-.t, which denotes 



