m 



CONDENSER OK ELECTRICITY. 



itt 



twitted into > ipiral form, for the aim of oompactnoas, and so fixed in 

 tub that few inches of one end of the pipe may paw through, nod 

 accurately fit, a hole bored near the bottom of the tub. By thu 

 mean* the metal coil can be kept constantly surrounded with cold water, 

 to that vapours coming from a boiler or other distillatory apparatui are 

 effectually condensed. The upper portions of the rrfrigrratory, as this 

 apparatui it sometimes called, will neoeaMiily become heated first, 

 and u hot water in lighter than cold, an arrangement should be made 

 whereby a stream of cold water oui enter at the bottom of tl- tub 

 and the hot water pats off near the top. 



Litbiy't ronHnurr it the form tnont frequently employed in chemical 

 laboratorit*, and for exprrimenul purposes generally. Its construe- 

 Uon, and the method of using it, are aeeu in the annexed figure. 



The glass tube, a a, through which the vapour* paw, is usually 

 about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and is surrounded by 

 another tube, h, commonly made of tin-plate or zinc, about two inches 

 in diameter, and having at each extremity a neck through which the 

 tube a pastes. The ends of the necks of the external tube, and n 

 small portion of the glass tube near them, are connected together by 

 means of a strip of sheet caoutchouc carefully bound round. An 

 ;.|"-rtiire near the lower part of the external tube admits a current of 

 cold water, and a similar aperture near the top allows the heated water 

 to flow off. The inner tube is thus constantly surrounded with cold 

 water, and heated vapours p"^"g through it are perfectly cooled and 

 condensed. 



CONDENSER OF ELECTRICITY. [ELECTRICITY.] 



CONDIMENTS. [AHOMATICH'.] 



CONDITION. Two possible events, A and B, may be so related, 

 that (1) when A becomes event or effect, B also shall become event or 

 effect : (2) or so that B being already event or effect, when A becomes 

 t- vent or effect, B may either cease to be event or effect, or may be 

 diminished as to event or effect, or enlarged as to event or effect. 

 This kind of relationship may be expressed by the term, condition, 

 and the words by which this condition is made, may be any that are 

 free from ambiguity. In case (1) where A must happen before B can, 

 this may be called a condition precedent. In case (2) where B, already 

 being event or effect, is extinguished or modified by the subsequent 

 event A, this may be called a condition subsequent. The events may 

 be more than two, and the condition which expresses their relation 

 may be more or less complicated, but the general nature of the 

 relation will still subsist. The application of this principle to legal 

 questions is simply this : Conditions precedent are conditions annexed 

 to any gift of an estate or interest which at law must be strictly 

 performed, before such estate or interest can vest in the person 

 designated by the gift. Conditions subsequent are when the estate 

 or interest is already vested, but its continuance in the person in 

 whom it is vested depends on the breach or performance of the 

 conditions. 



Cases may arise, and in construction of agreements and particularly 

 of wills often do arise, in which it is not easy to say whether the 

 condition is precedent or subsequent ; but in general, the difficulty 

 arises rather from certain technical rules of law applicable to the con- 

 struction of instruments, than from the bare terms in which conditions 

 are expressed. 



Littleton's description of an estate upon condition is this : (325) 

 " Estates which men have in lands or tenements upon condition, ore 

 of two sorts, viz., either they have estate upon condition in deed, 

 or upon condition in law, &c. Upon condition in deed is, as if a man 

 by deed indented, enfeoffes another in fee simple, reserving to him 

 and his heires yearely a ccrtaine rent payable at one feast, or diver* 

 feasts per annum, on condition that if the rent be behind, &c., that it 

 shall be lawful for the feoffor and his heires into the same lands or 

 tenements to enter, Ac. And if it happen the rent to be behind by a 

 week after any day of payment of it, or by a moneth after any day of 

 payment of it, or by half a yeare, &c., that then it shall be lawful to 

 thu feoffor and his heires to enter, &c. In these cases, if the rent be 

 not |aid at such time, or before such time limited and specified 

 within the condition comprised in the indenture, then may the feoffor 

 and his heires enter into such lands and tenements, and them in his 

 former estate have and hold, and the feoffee quite ouste thereof. And 

 it is called an estate upon condition, because that the estate of the 

 feoffee is defeasible if the condition be not performed," &c. 



An estate thus given is liable to be defeated, that is, the gift upon 

 nun-performance of the condition may be resumed by the giver, or his 

 heirs : this is a condition subsequent, that is, subsequent to the vesting 

 uf the estate in the feoffee or grantee. 



The following example from Littleton will show the difficulty which 

 hat been introduced into the construction of conditions by th<< , 

 character of the laws of England (Litt. .'t"io> : " If land be granted to a 

 man for term of five yeares, upon condition, that if he pay to the 

 grantor within the two first yeares, forty markes, that then he shall 

 have a fee, or otherwise but for term of the five yeares, and liv.-i y of 

 seUin is made to him by force of the grant, now he hath a fee simple 

 conditional). Ac. And if in this case the grantee do not pay to tlie 

 grantor the fortie market within the first two yeares, then immediately 

 after the first two yeares past, the fee and the freehold is and shall be 

 adjudged in the grantor, because that the grantor cannot after the 

 said two yeare* presently enter upon the grauntee, for that the 



grauntee hath yet title by three yeare* to have and oocupie the land 

 by force of the tame grant Ana to because that the condition of the 

 part of the grantee it broken, and the grantor cannot enter, the law 

 will put the fee and the freehold in the grantor." 



On this Coke remarks, that many are of a different opinion from 

 Littleton, because the fee simple i* to commence upon a condition 

 precedent (of which class the condition in the case put l>y I. 

 clearly is), and yet "here Littleton, of a condition precedent .i-tli 

 (before the performance thereof) make it subsequent." And >' 

 Littleton is right, for the legal effect of the livery of seisin it to pat* 

 a present state of freehold. 



It is a rule of law that none but the grantor and his heirs can have 

 the benefit of a condition ; and that any conditions are good whieli 

 are not unlawful, impossible, immoral, or absolutely inconsistent with 

 the nature of the estate given. An instance of the last kind of con- 

 dition (Littleton, 860) would lie a feoffment, or a devise in fee. upon 

 condition that the feoffee or devisee should not alien the land to any 

 person ; such a condition, being inconsistent with the estate . 

 is void. 



Before the Statute of Westminster 2, De Dona Ciniditinnaliliin, if 

 lands were given to a man and the heirs of his body, as soon as he had 

 issue of his body, this fee-simple conditional became for some purposes, 

 and among them, for alienation, an absolute fee-simple. The 

 of this statute was to convert conditional fee-simples into estates taiL 

 [TAIL, ESTATKB.] 



Conditions in English law were of feudal origin. The rents and 

 services of the feudatory were considered as conditions essentially 

 annexed to his fief, and were called conditions in law, or impl-.-d 

 conditions. The neglect of these conditions was a forfeiture of t ) 

 to the lord of whom the tenant held his lands. Expressed conditions, 

 or conditions in deed, were subsequently introduced, but as we have 

 already shown, they savoured of their origin in this, that the donor's 

 remedy for breach of conditions was limited to him and his heirs. 

 But the doctrine of conditions has long ago been extended to all such 

 cases as the complicated relations of a rich and populous country 

 require, and, as in the Roman law, so now in the law of England, 

 conditions may form a part of every written instrument by 

 men regulate their mutual dealing*, or dispose of their property. 

 These conditions, and the construction of them, vary with the nature 

 of the instrument of which they form a part ; and the construction of 

 such conditions is further subject to some variations, owing t 

 different aspects under which they are regarded by courts of law and 

 equity. 



Those conditions which are of most practical importance, are the 

 conditions of BONDS, LEASES, MORTGAGES, and WILLS. The last head 

 includes conditions annexed to portions and LEGACIES, which have 

 given rise to a great number of disputes, and to numerous and not 

 always consistent judicial decisions. 



As to conditional limitations of real property, and the dif1< 

 between them and remainders and conditions (this being a matter 

 purely technical), the reader is referred to Feanie's ' Essay on Con- 

 tingent Remainders ; ' and Butler's note on Co. Litt., note 94. 



"XmTION OF A BOND. [BOND.] 



CONDITION (Mathematics) is used in nearly the same sense as in 

 common life. Thus the proposition, to describe an equilateral triangle 

 upon a given straight line, is not to describe any triangle, but a tri- 

 angle under the following nntliliitxt ; that it must be equilateral, and 

 that it must have a given line for its base. 



An equation of condition means an equation which will not 

 be true, but requires certain conditions to be satisfied ; and is dis- 

 tinguished from an idtntirul n/natiun, or one which is true inde|H'nd 

 ently of all conditions. Thus, x + x=2x and (n + .r) (ax) = a 1 x' 

 are identical equations : they are true for all values of .,- and a 

 .< + 2=8, and 4x j'=3 are equations of condition: the first cannot 

 be true unless j= 1, nor the second unless .< = 1, or .r = 8. 



But the term equation of condition has a more technical meaning in 

 the application of mathematics to the sciences of obsen at ion. Suppose, 

 for example, that x, y, and z are certain quantities to lie found, but 

 which cannot be observed directly : they are, however, connected with 

 each other by an equation, say a x + by + a = h, where, , li, r. and k 

 are different at different times, or for different circumstances of obser- 

 vation, but still are so connected that the preceding equation in 

 true ; and where a, 6, e, and A can cither be observed, or computed 

 from observations. Let ,, ft,, r,, and A, be the results of a first ob- 

 n ; it,, ft., &c., of a second: then for different observations, 

 we have the H following equations : 



, 

 ,-< + 4, 



= *,,*c. 



If the observations be all correct, any three of these will give ti. 

 values of .r, y, and : ; but if, as must happen, there be errors in every 

 observation, the results of each triad will differ slightly from those 

 of the rest. For the method of solving the whole set, so as to pro- 

 duce the most probable result, see LEAST SQUARES, METHOD or. This, 

 i.- w liat is called the formation of ri/ixiiimi* uf rmnlii 



CONDOTTIE'RI, a word in the Italian language signifying captains, 

 chiefs, or leaders, but most usually employed to designate soldiers of 

 fortune, who raised corps of cavalry and infantry at their own expense 



