CONOID. 



CONSANGUINITY. 



Ktutas rcurx fi! , literally, "I see you this (that), you are suffering." 

 This employment of the pronoun is more particularly to be noticed 

 after prepositions. Thus, in the Latin language, if a simple noun be 

 the object of a preposition, all that is required is to put that noun in 

 a certain case, as post ccenam, " after dinner ; " but if a verb with its 

 accessories is to be subject to a preposition, it is common to interpose 

 the vinculum quam, " this," as, postquam cum fratre stto c&narerat, 

 " after he had supped with his brother." Even in English we might 

 say : " after that he had," &c. Examples of this usage are abundant 

 in the forms antequam, prceterquam, extra quam, prater quod, prout ; 

 and the word this is sometimes doubly expressed, as in pro eo ut, ad-eo 

 "f. j'ropler-ea quod, ex eo quod, prater quam quod. The German idiom 

 agrees precisely with the Latin, as may be seen in nach-dem, in-dem, &c., 

 as opposed to the employment of the simple prepositions nach, ii>, &c. 

 The French, too, have their pendant-que, &c., puis-que, &e., and the 

 English their besides that, &c., note that, &c., and the old phrase being 

 that, &c. 3. The pronoun in the several languages thus employed as a 

 vinculum is frequently attached as an enclitic to the preceding word, 

 and grammarians, not observing the distinction between the governing 

 word and the pronoun, have often given the name of conjunction to 

 the compound, as postquam in Latin, Sum in Greek, pninque in French, 

 nachdem in German. 4. The vinculum, however, is not essential in 

 those forms, and is therefore frequently omitted ; but in case of this 

 omission the governing word must immediately precede the phrase 

 which is dependent upon it. This governing word, which expresses 

 the nature of the connection between the subordinate and,the superior 

 sentence, is also called a conjunction, but here the term is used in a 

 different sense. The words which signify this, of which we previously 

 spoke, found their claims to the title of a conjunction upon the fact 

 that they unite the several elements which follow into a whole. When 

 the governing particle is so called, it is because it binds the one sen- 

 tence to the other. 5. There is a class of words which correlate with 

 conjunctions : such as to in connection with as or that, yet with 

 "/h, there/tire with since or because. These words are often called 

 adverbs, but as they too serve to connect sentences, they deserve like 

 the rest the name of conjunctions. They bear, in fact, the same 

 relation to the other conjunctions that the so called antecedent does to 

 the relative. And that the antecedent and relative have the power of 

 conjunctions is proved not merely by their use, but by their old and 

 appropriate names, the postpositive and prepositive articles (articuli, 

 that is, " little joints"). 



We have already said that conjunctions belong in their origin to all 

 the leading parts of speech. Examples of verbs so employed are seen 

 in the English if, formerly written gif, that is, give. (Home Tooke, 

 as before, p. 103, Ac.) The Latin licet, " although," is evidently a verb 

 signifying " it is allowed." So too vel, " or," appears to be an im- 

 perative of ruin, "choose," but si "if," older form MH, instead of repre- 

 senting sit, as is often said, w of pronominal origin ; and indeed akin 

 to our own so and stick, so far as regards the first element of this 

 adjective (so-lirh, German). The English while is a substantive signi- 

 fying " time." " Either " and " whether " are of course pronominal 

 adjectives, and " or " is a corruption from " other," as is evident from 

 the German equivalent oder. And a similar analogy seems to lead to 

 the derivation of the Latin aut nnt, from nflrrvm a/lerum. Con- 

 junctions of a participial and prepositional character have occurred in 

 the examples already quoted; but the relative form appears to be 

 specially fertile in the production of this class of words, as, in the 

 Latin, quam, quando, quamquam, quamris, ubi, unde, ut, quia, quod ; 

 and the English irhen, h<m, as, where. 



Many of the conjunctions defy all attempts at analysis, and certainly 

 Home Tooke, notwithstanding the acuteness and truth of his general 



has occasionally erred in the details of derivation. 

 CONOID (like a cone), a term sometimes applied, but in this coun- 

 try only, to the surface generated by the revolution of a conic section 

 about its axis. [SPHEROID, HTPERBOLOID, PARABOLOID.] 



CONSANGUINITY, or KINDRED, in law, is the relation subsist- 

 ing between persons who are of the same blood, or, in other words, who are 

 descended from the same stock or common ancestor. Consanguinity, 

 in thin sense, is either lineal or collateral. The former subsists between 

 persons who are related to each other in the direct ascending line, as 

 from son to father, grandfather, great-grandfather, &c. ; or in the 

 descending line, from great-grandfather to grandfather, father, and son. 

 Collateral kindred are those who, though they have the same blood, 

 derived from a common ancestor, and are therefore consanyi^ 

 not descend one from the other. Thus brothers have the same blood, 

 and are descended from a common ancestor, but they are related to 

 each other collaterally, and the children and descendants of each of 

 them are all collateral kinsmen to each other. The canon law and the 

 civil law have adopted different methods of computing the degrees of 

 collateral consanguinity. According to the former, which has been 

 followed by the law of England, we begin at the common ancestor, and 

 reckon downward to the persons whose degree of consanguinity we 

 desire to ascertain, counting each generation as a degree ; and the 

 degree of consanguinity in which they stand to each other is the 

 degree in which both of them, or the more remote of them, stands to 

 the common ancestor. Thus (to use the example given by Sir William 

 Blackstone), Titius and his brother are related in the first degree, for 

 from the father to each of them is counted only one; but Titius and 

 Aim AND sci. mv. vol.. in. 



his nephew are related in the second degree, for the nephew is two 

 degrees removed from the common ancestor, namely, his own grand- 

 father, the father of Titius. On the other hand, in this supposed case, 

 the civilians would place Titius and his nephew in the third degree of 

 consanguinity, for they count all the degrees from one given person 

 upwards to the common ancestor, and downwards from that common 

 ancestor, whose degree of relationship to the first person it is the 

 object to establish. Thus they would count from Titixis's nephew to 

 his grandfather two degrees, and one more from the grandfather to 

 Titius. By the law of England, all persons related to each other by- 

 consanguinity and affinity, nearer than the fourth degree of the civi 

 law, are prohibited from marrying excepting in the ascending or 

 descending line (in which the case is hardly possible by the course 

 of nature); and by Stat. 5 & 6 Will. IV., c. 54, sec 2, it is enacted, 

 " that all marriages celebrated after the date of that Act between per- 

 sons within the prohibited degrees of affinity or consanguinity, shall be 

 absolutely null and void to all intents and purposes whatsoever." 

 Under the statute of distributions, 22 & 23 Car. II., c. 10, in making 

 the distribution of an intestate's personal estate among the next of kin, 

 the computation of degrees of kindred is according to the civil law. 

 ('Novell.,' 118, and INTESTACY; Blackstone's 'Essay on Collateral 

 Consanguinity,' and Blackstoue's ' Commentaries,' vol. ii., p. 534 ; 

 Mr. Kerr's ed.) 



The question of consanguinity is the question of relation between 

 two given persons, as explained above. If one of these persons i 



called I A |, all his lineal ancestors will be found in (a) the ascending 



line above him, and all his lineal descendants in the descending Una 

 below him. His collateral relations will be found in the parallel lines 

 (6), (c), (d), &c. The Roman numerals denote the respective degrees 

 of consanguinity in the canon, and the Arabic those in the civil law. 

 Thus III. in the ascending line is A's great-grandfather, and III. in the 

 descending line his great-grandson. In the ascending and descending 

 lines the computations of the civil and canon laws, as already ex- 

 plained, is the same : in both laws the great-grandfather and great- 

 grandson are respectively in the third degree from A. No. III. in line 

 (6) is A's great uncle, who, according to the mode of reckoning already 

 explained, is in the third degree of consanguinity to A by the canon 

 law ; and in the fourth, as denoted by the Arabic numeral 4, placed 

 under III., by the civil or Roman law. 



The following are the names for consanguinity in the Roman law. 

 In line (a), ascending from A : 1, pater, mater; 2, avus, avia; 3, pro- 



w 



VI. 



I 



V. 

 5 



IV. 



4 



ii r. 



3 



II. 

 t 



I. 



1 



I. 

 1 



II. 



2 



III. 



IV. 



4 



V. 

 i 



VI. 

 G 



V. 



6 



IV. 



III. 



n. 



i 



n. 



in. 



4 



IV. 

 A 



V. 



C 



W 



IV. 



o 



III. 



II. 



4 



III. 



IV. 



I 



M) 



' ' in. 



c 



av 

 trivia 



tri- 



us, proavia; 4, abavus, abavia; 5, atavus, atavia ; 6, tritavus, tri- 

 f iii : all above C are included in the g<.;uial name " majores." In 



