HOLD. 



IXGMACHINKS. 



abbot to execution by judgment creditor* in the same manner u 



Still greater change* in the nature of estate* of copyhold and cua- 

 tomry tenure are gnuluallr taking place under the provisions of the 

 state. 4 ft 5 Viet. c. 85 ; 4 7 Viet. c. 23 ; 7 * 8 Viet c. 88 ; 16418 

 Viet c. 51 : and SI ft 22 Viet e. 94. 



1 The principal objects) of these AcU are, 1. The commutation of 

 certain manorial rignU in reapect of bod* of copyhold and customary 

 tenon; 1 The facilitating the enfranchisement of such lands ; and 3. 

 The fanproment of each tenure. The first of theae AcU provided a 

 cumbrous machinery for general oommutationa which was not found 

 rery effective, and it merely enabled commutations and enfranchise- 

 menU to be made, where all parties were agreed, but without 

 empowering either party, whether lord or tenant, to compel the other 

 to enfranchise or commute. Under Us cnacUnenta, however, a good 

 enfranchisement* took place in the case of manors of which 

 I bodies were the lords, under the direction of the eccle- 

 eommissionen. The Act 15 & 16 Viet c. 61 (1852), first 

 introduced the important principle of enabling one party, whether 

 lord or tenant, to compel the concurrence of the other in enfranchise- 

 ment, and this Act has been found rery efficacious. IU first section 

 enact*, that "at any time after the next admittance to any lands 

 which shall take place on or after the first day of July, 1853, in con- 

 sequence of any surrender, bargain and sale, or assurance thereof 

 (except upon or under a mortgage in came where the mortgagee is not 

 in pneseasion), or in consequence of any descent, gift, or demise, and 

 whether such surrender, bargain and sale, or assurance, shall have 

 been made, passed, or executed, or such descent shall happen, or ouch 

 gift or demise shall take effect before or after that day, it shall be 

 lawful for the tenant so admitted, or for the lord, to require and 

 compel enfranchisement in manner hereinafter mentioned of the 

 lands to which there shall have been such admittance as aforesaid." 

 The mode of effecting enfranchisement directed by this Act hag 

 been since altered by 21 & 22 Viet. c. 94 (1858), of which the eighth 

 Motion enact*, that " when any lord or tenant shall, under the 

 provisions of the Copyhold Act, 1852, or of this Act, require the 

 enfranchisement of any land held of a manor, he shall give notice in 

 writing (the ford or his steward to the tenant, or the tenant to the 

 lord or his steward) of his desire that such land shall be enfranchised, 

 and the consideration to be paid to the lord for such enfranchisement, 

 and also the sum to be paid to the lord in respect of a hcriot due for 

 a customary freehold, shall, unless the parties agree about the same, 

 be ascertained under the directions of the copyhold commissioners, 

 and upon a valuation made in manner following : (that is to say), when 

 the manorial rights to be compensated shall consist only of heriota, 

 rents, and licences, at fixed rates, to demise or fell timber, or any of 

 theae, or when the land to be enfranchised shall not be rated to the 

 poors' rate at a greater amount than the net annual value of 201., 

 then the valuation shall be made by a valuer to be nominal"! by 

 the justices at a petty session holden for the division or place in 

 which the manor or the chief part thereof is situate : provided that 

 no justice, being lord, either in whole or in part, of such manor, shall 

 take any part in nominating such valuer; subject, however, 1- 

 provisoes : first, that if the parties agree to recommend to the com- 

 missioners any person to be the valuer, such person shall be nominated 

 by the commissioners; and second, that either party may, upon 

 paying the charges of his own valuer, have the valuation made as next 

 hereinafter provided. But when the manorial rights to be com- 

 pensated do not consist only of rents and heriots and such licences as 

 aforesaid, or when the land to be enfranchised is rated to the poorg'- 

 rate at a greater amount than the not annual value of 202., or where 

 the valuation to be made is of the sum to be paid to the lord in respect 

 of a heriot due for a customary freehold, then the valuation shall, 

 unless the parties agree to refer it to one valuer, be made by two 

 valuers, one to be appointed by the lord, and the other by the tenant ; 

 and such two valuers, before they proceed, shall appoint an umpire, 

 to whom any points in dispute between them shall be referred ; and 

 in case the valuer or valuers, or umpire, aa the case may be, shall not 

 make a decision and deliver the particulars thereof in writing to the 

 lord or steward and to the tenant, and to the copyhold commissioner!*, 

 within forty-two days after the appointment of such valuers, or 

 reference of the matter to the umpire, as the case may be, tl, 

 commissioners shall fix the consideration to bo paid >> rendered to the 

 lord ; and in any case when, after notice to the lord or stewai 

 the tenant so to do, either party shall neglect or refuse, for twenty- 

 eight days, to appoint hi* valuer, the commissioners shall appoint a 

 valuer for him as soon as may be after the expiration of such twenty- 

 eight days ; and in any case where any valuers shall, for the space of 

 fourteen days after the appointment, be unable to agree in the 

 appointment of an umpire, the oommiasioners shall appoint an umpire." 

 This last-mentioned Act also enables lord or tenant to compel enfran- 

 chisement of a copyhold to which the last admittance shall have taken 

 place before the 1st of July, 1853. 



The following table, which is taken from the ' Seventeenth Reix>rt 

 f the Copyhold Commissioners,' dated December 31, 1858, will show 

 what has been effected under the operation of the enfranchisement 

 AcU. The table distinguishes the manner in which enfranchisement 

 has taken place into clerical, collegiate and lay, and shows the number 



of distinct operations, whether of enfranchisement -or commutation, 

 which have Uken place in each during a period of seventeen yean 

 from the first commencement of the system : 



YMT*. Clerical. Coue(UU. L.JT. Total. 



1841 1 1 



1141 9 I 11 



IIJ 15 1 IS 19 



1844 24 If 19 



1843 44 11 SB 



1S46 48 T i 



1-1: as 1 It tl 



1848 16 1 81* 



1819 19 1 10 JO 



1850 27 1 9 37 



1851 SI 2 31 64 

 1851 SI 13 44 



1853 36 6 16 SS 



1854 59 11 61 191 



1855 41 31 146 HI 

 IIM 46 13 :-' 231 



1857 51 11 330 803 



1858 31 13 159 204 



The rapid increase of enfranchisements under the operation of the 

 compulsory clauses is observable, and ultimately it may be anticipated 

 tli it r]>yhol>l tenure will cease to exist 



COPYING-MACHINES. The great value of a com 

 certain means of copying any piece of writing with perfect accuracy, 

 and with less labour than is involved in the process of tnmi-c 

 baa led to numerous inventions which may be classed un.i. 

 general name of copying-machines, some of which are extensively used 

 in mercantile establishments for producing duplicates of letters, 

 invoices, and other MS. papers. 



The most simple and obvious mode of effecting this object u by 

 transferring, by means of a rolling or screw-press, a portion of the ink 

 with which a letter is written to the surface of a sheet of blank paper, 

 prepared to receive it by damping. The transfer thus obtaim I 

 course the reverse of the original letter, and, unless it be taken on 

 paper BO thin and transparent that it may be read through it, must 

 be read backwards. Watt's copying press was a com 

 obtaining transfers of this kind upon thin unsised paper, wctfc , 

 then placed between two woollen cloths, which absorU-d all unneces- 

 sary moisture. Elegant screw-presses of iron are manufactured for thin 

 purpose, of various designs ; some having the power applied solely by 

 means of a screw, turned by a transverse bar or It i cross 



or wheel-shaped handle ; while others have also a contrivance for 

 increasing the pressure beyond what can be conveniently applied by 

 the simple turning of the screw. One of the best and simplest 

 copying-presses is that invented by Mr. Ritchie, of Edinburgh, in which 

 the platten is depressed by a screw, turned by a short transverse handle, 

 until a moderate pressure is given ; after which, by the movement of a 

 second lever-handle acting upon an excentric cam, which bears upon a 

 piece of steel attached to the head of the screw, the screw and platten 

 are further depressed through a very small space, but with immense 

 force. Barlow describes a very simple and compact copying-machine 

 invented by the elder Brunei, in which the pressure is given by means 

 of levers. In some cases, letters intended for transferring by the 

 copying-press are written with an ink made for the purpose; or, when 

 common ink is used, it may be thickened by adding a little sugar to it. 

 In some cases the transfers are taken from the pages of a MS. book 

 prepared for the purpose, a sheet of dry oiled paper being placed over 

 the damp sheet to prevent the transmission of the moisture. It is 

 almost needleas to observe that transfers may be taken from several 

 written sheets at one operation of the press. 



Hebert gives the following description of a simple, and, he says, 

 effectual copying-machine : " Take a roller of beech, or any hard 

 about 18 inches long and 1 inch in diameter, and having cut a 

 longitudinal slit therein nearly th.- whole, length, insert in it and fasten 

 very neatly with glue a slip of strong cloth, about 14 inches wi< 

 18 inches long; the remaining part of the roller will serve as a handle, 

 and may be cut with several faces to obtain a firmer hold. To use 

 this copying-press, lay the sheet of paper on which the letter is w 

 upon the strip of cloth ; on that place the thin copying-paper, an' 

 these lay a thick baize or horse-hair pad ; then roll the whole 

 the roller, and grasping that part where the cloth is with tl: 

 hand, turn the roller round with the right, gradually increasing the 

 grasp with the left; the pressure becomes very groat, and quite 

 sufficient to transfer the letter to the copying-paper." 



Holland, in Lardner's ' Cabinet Cyoloptsdia,' mentions a plan sug- 

 gested by Dr. Franklin, which, although he styles it ineligil 

 practice, is worth recording as conveying an idea which might bo 

 usefully applied. He proposed to write the original 1< 

 gummy ink, and then to t-tivw it over with Hour cnn-iy, which would 

 be retained by the ink, though it would not adhere to any otlu 

 of the surface of the p;i|>cr. The writing was then to 1 

 downwards, upon a grn< plate, and subjected to the 



of a powerful rolling-press, which, he conceived, would cau 

 emery to make an impression of the writing upon the surface of the 

 metal, which might bo charged with printing ink, and printed front 

 like an engraved plate. 



