Ill 



OiIUXTHlAN ORDER. 



COKK; CORK-fUTTlXC. 



and much i* imported from th* Levant, though considerable portion 

 U cultivated in Suffolk and Essex, fur the use of confectioners iu this 

 country. The officinal part U the fruit, improperly called the Mod. 

 Thii U round, white, not unlike a grain of white pepper, and was used 

 a* a means of couipari*on for the manna with which the Israelites were 

 fed in the wilderness. (Sea ' Exodus' xvi. SI, and ' Number* xi. 7.) 

 The fnah fruit ha* a disagreeable odour, which disappears on drying, 

 leaving a pleaaant and peculiar one. The taite U warm and aromatic. 

 The potency depend* upon the quantity of volatile oil Ten pound* 

 of fruit yield aix drachm* of volatile oil. Thi* oil, which i of a 

 yellowiah colour, i not in the Pharmacopoeia, but it may be used in 

 UM aame way a* the other diitilled water* or oil*, a* a carminative. 

 Coriander wa* thought better to disguise the odour and taste of nenna 

 than other aromatic*, but iu the infuaiou ginger U now *ub*titutod for 

 it UVUng the infuiion with cold water in preferable to either, and 

 avoid* the tendency to griping. Coriander w retained a* an ingredient 

 of the Confectio Senna;. 



It U necessary to guard against confounding coriander with the seed 

 of the Dapkiw Mexreon, called Semta Cucc"jui<lii, as the Utter u very 

 poisonous. 



CORIXTIIIAX ORDER [COLUMN.] 



CORINTHIANS, ST. PAUL'S TWO EPISTLES TO THE. The 

 Fint Epistle of St Paul to the Gentile and Jewish converts to 

 Christianity in the city of Corinth i* generally considered by the com- 

 mentator* and critic* to have been written A.D. 57-8. Of this opinion 

 are Michaelis, Mill, Whitby, Pearson, Benson, Paley, Adam Clarke, 

 Greswell, &c.; but the date assigned to it by Beausobre, L'Enfant, and' 

 Lardner i* A.D. 56. The first date appear* to be the more correct, for 

 in chap. xvL v. 8, St. Paul announce* hi* intention of remaining in 

 Ephesus until Pentecost ; he then went to Macedonia (' Cor.' ii. ch. ii. 

 IS), and this would bring him to the third or beginning of the fourth 

 year of the reign of Nero, or A.D. 57. The place from which it was 

 written U stated in the concluding postscript to be Philippi, which, as 

 it apparently contradict* the apostle's statement in verse 8, " I shall 

 remain in Ephesus until Pentecost," (ixtntKa Si lv Ecfxaif), the latter 

 place is commonly given as the more probable; especially a* these 

 postscripts appear to be in other instance* erroneous, and without 

 authority. 



In order clearly to perceive the design of these epistles, it is 

 necessary to observe the following circumstantial facts which gave 

 occasion to the wilting of them : Christianity was first preached at 

 Corinth by St. Paul, who resided there about eighteen months, between 

 A.D. 51 and 53. HU successors were Apollos, Aquila, and Sosthenes. 

 But shortly after his departure several other learned and eloquent 

 teachers of Christianity drew away most of the Christian converts 

 from the Gospel doctrine as set forth by St. Paul, and formed them 

 principally into two separate parties, the one contending for the rigid 

 observance of the Jewish ritual, the other for indulgence in gome 

 of the idolatrous and lascivious customs of the worship of Venus, to 

 whom a magnificent temple, containing a thousand prostitutes (Strabo, 

 Caaaub., 378), was dedicated in the centre of this great commercial 

 city, which bore a proverbial character for luxury and licentiousness. 

 Some writers conjecture that the Judaizing preachers of the Gospel in 

 Corinth were some of the twelve apostles ; since Paul asserts that on 

 this question he withstood Peter to the face, and (2 Cor. xi. 22, 23) he 

 peak* of these teachers as Hebrews and ministers of Christ. On being 

 apprised of this condition of the Corinthian church, St. Paul wrote his 

 first epistle, the contents of which may be considered under two 

 general beads; first, the reproval of abuses and corruptions which 

 disgraced the Christian community of Corinth ; secondly, the reply to 

 various question*, for the decision of which the Corinthians had 

 appealed to the judgment of their apostle. After commencing with 

 the usual salutation, he proceeds therefore to rebuke their schisms and 

 assumption of knowledge and wisdom ; exhorting them to become 

 united to himself, as having a prior claim to their respect and atten- 

 tion (c. i. to iv.). Ho next reproves them for not having delivered unto 

 Satan one who had his father's wife (c. v.) ; for not suffering themselves 

 to be defrauded rather than go to law ; and especially for their in- 

 dulgence in fornication (c. vi.). Then follow answers to the questions, 

 in which instructions are given concerning marriage, celibacy of virgins 

 and widows, the eating of idolatrous sacrifices, the exercise of super- 

 natural gifts, the proprieties to be observed by public preachers, and 

 the forbidding women to address congregations (c. viii. to xiv.). A 

 censure i* passed upon the profane observance of the Lord's - s 

 for in eating it, each before another took his own supper, so that while 

 one wa* hungry another was drunk (fxoirrot yap ri> ISior Stix-roy 

 po A a/i flan i ir rip fa-fiiif leal $j /Jx ">'?, it Si luti'ti) c. xi. 21. From 

 c. xv. 12, it appear* that it was taught among the Christians of Corinth 

 that there i* no resurrection of the dead. St. Paul thence takes occa- 

 sion to expatiate upon the subject to the end of this chapter, which 

 form* the most imposing part of the Church of England Burial Service. 

 The epistln close* with an exhortation to the Corinthians to secure the 

 collection of money for the neceuitou* saint* in Judaea, both hearers 

 ' and preachers, which i* several time i enforced with various arguments, 

 especially in c. ix and xvi., and in c. viii and ix. of the second epistle, 

 of which we no.i come to speak. 



It is generally agreed that the Second Epistle to the Corinthians was 

 written in 58, about a year after the first, and from Philippi, as the 



postscript asserts. The main purpose of St Paul in this epistle was to 

 repel the imputations which it appears his first epistle had induced the 

 opponent teachers to make, alike as to his doctrines, authority, and 

 personal appearance. It i* in fact an apologetic oration, in which the 

 apostle enlarges on hi* spiritual office, power, and qualifications ; and 

 speaks of hi* supernatural revelation*, a* far exceeding the pretension* 

 of hi* rival* at Corinth, whom he designate* " false apostles, deceitful 

 workers, and ministers of Satan," xi. 13. He explains at length the 

 cause of hi* not having visited the Corinthian* as he promised, declares 

 his great success in preaching, mentions his numerous sufferings and 

 disasters incurred for the sake of the faithful, enforces the necessity of 

 completing the contribution for the saints, and concludes with a fare- 

 well salutation. 



The great rhetorical merit* of this address are critically discussed in 

 the ' Disputatio Inaugural!* de alter* Pauli ad Corinthios EpistolA,' by 

 M. Royards, 8vo, 1818. All the passages in the father* of the first 

 three centuries which contain any citation from, or allusion to, these 

 two epistles of St Paul, are collected in the 2nd vol. of Dr. Lanln<-i ' 

 Credibility. The words in the first epistle, "Ey/wi^o vtur t TJJ JwiaroAp 

 (c. v. 9), have been the subject of great controversy, as implying that 

 another epistle, not now extant, wa* written before the one whi< Ii ix 

 called the first. A long list of the critics and divines who have given 

 opinions about it, may be found in Home's ' Introduc.,' vol. iv. p. 353. 

 Numerous critical particulars may be found in the following works : 

 Michaelis, ' Introduction to the New Testament,' by Bishop Marsh, 

 vol. iv. ; Eichhorn, ' Eink-itung in das Neue Test,' vol. iii. ; ' Mackuigbt 

 on the Epistles ; ' Home's ' Introduction,' vol. iv. ; Greswell, ' Harmony 

 of Gospels,' vol. ii. ; Paley's ' Horse Paulino: ; ' Barnes, ' Notes Explana- 

 tory and Practical on the Epistles to the Corinthians and Qalatiana ; ' 

 Jager, ' Erklarung der beiden Briefe der Apoatels Paulus nach Corinth ; ' 

 Niibiger, ' Kritische Untonmchungen ttber den Briefe des Apostels 

 Paulus an die Kormthische Gemeinde, mit Riicksicht auf die ihr 

 herrschenden Streitigkeit,' Breslau, 1847. Critical commentaries by 

 Piscator, Kollock, Schlater, and others, are enumerated in Watts' 

 ' Bibliotheca,' where a very copious list is given of sermons on texts 

 from these Epistles, both of which were first printed separately from 

 the Testament by Melancthon at Wittenberg iu 1521. 



CORK; CORK-CUTTING. The substance commonly known as 

 cork is the outer bark of an evergreen oak, which grows abundantly in 

 Portugal, Spain, the south of France, and Italy. The greatest quantity 

 of cork-bark used in Europe is supplied by Spain and Portugal, but 

 that which is of the best quality is grown in France. 



Cork was known and used by the Greeks and Romans, the latter of 

 whom sometimes employed it as we do, for the stopping of casks, and 

 also for the soles to women's winter shoes. (Plin. xvi. 8.) 



The careful removal of the outer bark from the cork-tree does not in 

 any way injure it, as this outer bark is really dead bark ; on the con- 

 trary it is stated that the tree grows more vigorously and lives longer, 

 in consequence of being thus stripped. This operation is first per- 

 formed when the tree is about fifteen years old, and may be repeated 

 once in every eight or ten years. 



The bark obtained by the first stripping is of little or no value ; 

 but the produce becomes greater in quantity and better in quality 

 at each successive cutting. The months of July and August are 

 chosen for performing this operation. A cork-tree, thus periodically 

 barked, will live for a century and a half. The inner bark contains 

 a considerable proportion of tannin, but it cannot be removed without 

 killing the tree. This destructive plan is resorted to in Corsica, 

 where the cork-oak is indigenous and abundant. Vast numbers of 

 the trees are cut down every year, the outer bark being used as 

 cork, which, however, is not of good quality : the inner bark being 

 sold, principally at Marseille, to the tanners; and the trunks and 

 branches being burned for the sake of the ashes. It is usual, when 

 cork-bark is taken from the trees, to char it slightly, in onlrr to 

 improve the texture by closing the pores ; but this burning occasions that 

 peculiar and disagreeable empyreumatic flavour which is so freqin ntly 

 imparted to liquors which have been stopped by cork thus treated. 

 Some years ago an attempt was made to avoid this evil by using cork- 

 bark which is not so old, the texture of which is so close as not to need 

 the aid of fire ; but this bark is too thin for ordinary purposes, and 

 could only be used by cementing two or more layers of it together. 

 The risk of bad flavour was by this means altogether avoided ; but, for 

 some reason or other, the plan has not been persevered in. 



Cork is light, porous, readily compressible and very el;i~tir. The 

 first mentioned of these qualities, its lightness, occasions it to bo used 

 as floats for fishing-nets, &c. For its more general employ mm 

 of stopping bottles, it is peculiarly fitted by its compressibility and 

 elasticity, while its pores are sufficiently minute to prevent the passage 

 through them of the fluids which it is meant to confine. 



In making corks by the ordinary method, the material u entirely 

 shaped by very sharp, smooth-edged broad knives, without the aid of 

 any machinery ; it is one of those employments iu which everything 

 depends on the manual skill gradually acquired by the workman. 



The attempts to make corks by machinery have been very numerous. 

 In one among several American patents for this purpose the quadran- 

 gular pieces of cork, cut to proper lengths, arc held lut \\ccn two 

 revolving spindles which grip them ; and as they revolve, the cork is 

 cut round by a revolving cutter-wheel, the arbor of which is horizontal 



