CORPUSCULAR THEORY. 



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script* of UM rrrato nUgala of til* Codex. Ai to the manuscripts, we 

 Beck. ' Indict* Codicum et Editiooum Juris Justinianei Prodroraus,' 

 Lipn. 1829. Of th nuuiuKripU in England, there in n valuable 

 notice in the 5th roL of the ' German Magazine of Historical Jura- 



; : : :. < 



There are numeroui edition* of the ' Corpus Juru :' it was printed 

 very eoon after the inrention of the art, but at first only Mparate 

 parts were published. The oldest edition that we know of is that of 

 the Institute*, by Peter Schcrffrr, in MenU, of the year 1468. There U 

 a copy of thi* edition on vellum in the King'* Library, British Muwiim. 

 It has a small illumination <if a presumed portrait of Justinian iu the 

 title-page. The larger capital letter* throughout the books are illu- 

 minated, and aome of them with guUL Tin- last edition of importance 

 i* that of Schnder (Berlin, 1832), who formed the design of prewiring 

 an accurate and trustworthy edition of the ' Corptu Juru Civilia.' Till 

 the year 1 476 all the part* of the ' Corpus ' were printed separately. 

 The first edition, which contained the whole, i* that by Honate, at 

 Milan, of the yean 1482 and 1483, but still not under a general title, 

 which, a* already mentioned, was first used by Russordus. Till the 

 year 1518 all the editions were printed with the glosses, but after that 

 date the glosses were commonly omitted. The last edition with 

 rioates is of the year 1627. For a complete list of the edition*, see 

 Beck's' Index.' Probably there are no editions that have been so gene- 

 rally received and have met with such favour as those of the celebrated 

 Deny* Godefroi; of these, the first, a quarto, appeared in 1583; the 

 second, 2 vola. folio (a revised copy of the first), in 1590 ; the third, 

 4 vols. folio, in 1602 ; and the fourth, 2 vola. folio, in 1607 ; all of them 

 being published at Lyon. These were followed in the year 1624 by 

 an edition more complete than any that had preceded it, published at. 

 Geneva by his son James. In 1663 Simon Van Leeuween produced a 

 folio edition at Amsterdam, in which not only the notes of Godefroi 

 were given, but those of several other distinguished commentators ; 

 and in the same year a copy of Godefroi' s first edition was published 

 at Frankfort The book, though extremely scarce, has very little to 

 recommend it to the student. J. L. G. Beck, in 1825, published a very 

 useful and carefully edited copy of the ' Corpus Juris ' in two quarto 

 volume*. 



CORPUSCULAR THEORY. [XdUBULUI THEORY.] 

 CORRECTION, HOUSES OF. [REFORMATORIES.] 

 CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL FORCES. [FORCE.] 

 CORRIDOR, from the Italian earidore, signifies a gallery or passage- 

 way leading to apartments independent of each other. In all large 

 buildings containing numerous apartments corridors are necessary, 

 either closed or open. The corridor round the great cortile or open 

 court of the Cancellaria at Rome, designed by Bramante, consists 

 of an open gallery supported by columns. 

 CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE. [MERCURY, Biddtrride of.] 

 CORRUGATION. A very simple but effective mode has been 

 adopted during the last few years, of imparting additional strength to 

 sheet metal. This consists merely in corrugating it ; that is, bending 

 it into a series of opposite curves, convex and concave alternately. 

 The usual mode of producing this result is by passing the sheet* 

 between two rollers corrugated on their surfaces, rings of depression 

 alternating with rings of protrusion, and the protuberances of one 

 roller corresponding with, and working into, the depressions of another. 

 If the two rollers work nearly in contact, a sheet of metal passed 

 between them is forced to take a corrugated form ; and if the n>lk>rH 

 be powerful while the metal is thin, thin might be done when cold ; 

 otherwise a heating of the metal is needed, especially when the cor- 

 rugations are deep. Iron is the chief metal thus treated ; though 

 there is nothing to prevent the application of the process to copper 

 and other metal. The iron may be galvanised or coated with a film 

 of zinc, to render it more weather-proof ; but this process is not neces- 

 sarily connected with corrugation. The uses of corrugated iron are 

 now very numerous, seeing that the material acquires, in practical 

 construction, a degree of strength altogether beyond that which 

 belongs to the mere thickness of the sheet It will form either a wall 

 or roof, with very little support from other sources. Railway tra- 

 vellers have become accustomed to the use of this material in the 

 ride* and coverings of ticket-platforms, in the sides of carriage sheds, 

 and in the roofs and appendages of stations. In dockyard* and other 

 large establishment!), it is much employed for light and temporary 

 structures. Temporary churches are in part made of it. It is used 

 also for emigrant houses and storerooms. 



An American inventor, Mr. Joseph Francis, of New York, has 

 devised a remarkable mode of applying corrugated sheet-iron to the 

 construction of very light and buoyant boats, available as safety-boats, 

 and for other purpose*. Captain Portlock has described the difficul- 

 ties attending this application, and the ingenious way in which those 

 difficulties have been surmounted. By corrugating the iron, the flex- 

 ible sheet U rendered rigid as the surface i* bent, so as to produce 

 longitudinally, in effect, a series of parallel girders or beams, and 

 transversely a aerie* of arches ; but it is also evident that by thus 

 rendering the sheet rigid, the difficulty of adjusting it to a curved or 

 varying surface is greatly increased. Mr. Francis's mode of getting 

 over tbj* difficulty U a singular one. He produces the rigidity due 

 to corrugation, and the form of the boat itself, by one simulta- 

 Bous operation. For this purpose, he prepares pressing or stamping 



apparatus, in the form of enormous dies, and corresponding in shape 

 and sixe with the boat to be made, with groove* to represent the 

 corrugations. The plain sheets of iron being placed between the two 

 dies, or the die and counterdie, and subjected to a powerful hy.lro- 

 static pressure, are at the nine time shaped and corrugated. In tin- 

 earlier experiment*, however, he found that the same breadth of 

 metal being required to be adjusted to different space*, the sur- 

 face* became wrinkled, overlapping the leaser (pace*. This obstacle 

 he removed by adjusting the gauge of the corrugations to the position 

 of the sheet ; and thus, as it were, not only swallowing up the super- 

 fluous metal, but giving more strength to the ]rt* requiring it. 

 The theory of this construction U, that the combined curves anil 

 gationii give so much strength to a boat of small aixu, a* to render all 

 internal bracings and strengthenings unnecessary. Major Vint mt 

 Eyre, in a paper read before the British Association for the Advance- 

 ment of Science at the Cheltenham Meeting in 1856, gave an account 

 of these corrugated boats which, if not too highly coloured, denote* 

 the combination in them of many very remarkable qualities. Two 

 trials of boat* were made, one at Liverpool and the other at Woolwieh, 

 " On both occasions the tests were such as not even the strongest 

 wooden boat that was ever built could have sustained without going 

 immediately to pieces. For instance, being manned l>y a full crew, 

 they were rowed several times with full speed against the stone-work 

 of the dock ; they were tossed over and over with excessive violence 

 on the stone pavement ; they were filled with large blocks of stone 

 placed midships and piled up to a considerable height, and then 

 hoisted up by tackle head and stern ; they were battered on the sides 

 by large hammers on one spot, with all the force a strong man could 

 muster but all without producing the slightest injurious effect At 

 the end of this rough treatment, they were found perfectly wli 

 watertight." This authority summed up his encomiums by declaring 

 the corrugated boata to be fire-proof, water-proof, worm-proof, incorro- 

 dible, liable neither to warp nor to split : strong, light, buoyant, and 

 cheap. Boats of this construction were used by Lieutenant Lyueh. in 

 the United States expedition to the Dead Sea and the river Jordan ; 

 they were impelled against rocks, dragged over shoals, swept down 

 rapids and cascades, and exposed to other rough usage, which they 

 bore well. 



It lias been suggested that corrugated iron, manufactured in this 

 way, would render good service as a material for military waggons, 

 which would either run upon wheels on land, or float on water, and 

 thus serve as waggons, bridges, or boata. 



CORRUPTION OF BLOOD. [ATTAINDER.] 



CORSET, an article of dress for compressing, under the pretext of 

 supporting, the chest and waist, worn chiefly by females, but also 

 sometimes by effeminate individuals of the other sex. It consists of 

 cloth made to surround the body, stiffened by whalebone or other 

 means, and tightened by a lace. It seems a remnant of the old practice 

 of enveloping the whole frame in swaddling bands ; a practice which 

 ha* been generally discarded in rearing male children, but which still 

 lingers as a part of the attire of female children, in defiance of nature, 

 reason, and experience. The advantages arising from its use ore 

 trifling, if any ; the disadvantages, manifold and serious. Nature has 

 formed the chest (in which are lodged the lungs for respiration and the 

 heart for circulation, two out of three of the vifcd functions) in the 

 shape of a truncated cone, the base of which is capable of Wing 

 alternately widened and contracted during inspiration and expiration. 

 The wonderful and perfect mechanism for carrying on respiration 

 cannot come into full play if any compression be applied to the lower 

 part of the chest, which is however the part commonly selected, from 

 yielding most easily, to endure the hurtful restraint of tight lacing. 

 The chest never being allowed to expand to the extent which is neces- 

 sary, the defect in each respiration is attempted to be compensated for 

 liy their greater frequency, and thus a hurried circulation is produced. 

 The heart is also hindered in its action, and an imperfectly .. 

 blood is circulated by it, by which nutrition is inadequately accom- 

 plished : unhealthy secretions ore likewise formed out of thi.- vitiated 

 blood, and prove a further source of disease. The muscles of the chest, 

 spine, and abdomen, being deprived of their proper exercise, become 

 attenuated and feeble, and incapable of giving due support, whence 

 result distortions of the spine and chest, and much of that constipation 

 which so frequently afflicts females. The viscera of the abdomen. 

 especially the liver, suffer greatly, lxit.li l>y displacement being forced 

 downwards and by being actually indented by the edges of tli< 

 pressed ribs. " In examining," says Dr. Hodgkin, whose < oiiiieetimi 

 with Guy's Hospital gave him extensive opportunities of observation. 

 " the bodies of the dead, I have frequently found the lower ribs of 

 females greatly compressed and deformed. I have repeatedly seen the 

 liver greatly misshapened by the unnatural pressure to which 

 been subjected, and the diaphragm or midriff very much displaced." 

 The diseases which result from this interference with nature ore 

 various ; and though they do not all occur in every female who 

 adopts this mischievous practice, yet on inquiry too many may be 

 traced to this source. Of these disease* consumption in the most 

 frequent and fatal. Nor is the real object of all this painful and 

 irksome compression in any instance attained. The figure of the 

 female bust may be altered by it, but not improved. Sculptor 

 are the closest observers of nature, and who transfer to their statues 



