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CREDENTIALS. 



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difference of colour depend* of course on the pigment mixed with the 

 substance of the crayon. Tlnu, fr black, are used black lend, ivory 



.v.l l.unp black; fur blue, Indigo, sinalt, vrrditer. and Pi 

 blue; for brown, umber end terra di Sienna: for gre<*ti, mixture* of 

 blue and yellow ; for yellow, king's y.-llow. Naples yellow, orpiment, 

 and yellow ochre ; for red, carmine, vermilion, luematite, ml chalk, 

 anil red lew) ; for purple, blue mixed with carmine or vermilion. In 

 nuking crayons, the manufacturer* generally employ a metal cylinder. 

 two or three inch** in diameter, o|*n at one end and having a |TIO- 

 rated bottom at the other. The perforation* are equal in size to the 

 intended thickne**of the crayon. The composition, in the state of a stiff 

 paste, is put into the cylinder, and is forced down by a plug or piston ; 

 it exude* through the hole*, and is cut off into convenient length*. 



Crayon* for writing on glass are made of French chalk; or of a 

 mixture of spermaceti, tallow, wax, red lead, and carbonate of potash. 

 Crayons for writing or drawing on stone are made of two or three 

 different mixtures: tallow, soap, white wax, and lamp black; tallow 

 soap, white wax, shellac, and amp black ; white wax, spermaceti, hard 

 soap, and lamp black ; Ac. 



An instrument called a portcrayon is employed to hold the crayon 

 by. It is a metal tube, split at each end, so as to gape a little to admit 

 the crayon ; a sliding ring embraces the tube, and may be made to 

 close the disparted side* firmly upon the crayon. 



A stump, made of leather, cork, or paper, cloeely rolled, or cut into 

 a short round stick, more or less sharply pointed at each end, i* used 

 to soften and spread the chalk or crayon in the shaded parts of the 

 drawing. 



CRKAM. [BcTTEn.l 



CREAM OK TARTAR. [POTASH, Bitartratt of.} 



('REAMS. Creams, in the language of the confectioner, are com- 

 pounds of cream, or sweetened water, or egg and milk, with various 

 flavouring vegetable juices, congealed by ice, or by a freezing mixture. 

 The flavouring agent may be almond, chocolate, coffee, lemon, orange, 

 pistachio, raspberry, taraxacum, vanilla, &c. Ice*, creams, and ice- 

 reams differ a little in their mode of preparation, but scarcely at all in 

 their ingredient*. 



CREASOTE or KREASOTE (C,.H,0,HO ?) (from Kptas, " flesh," 

 and ffii, " to save,") is a fluid compound of oxygen, hydrogen, and 

 carbon, obtained by Reichenbach. This substance exists in crude 

 pyniliimeoun acid, but it is best prepared from that portion of the oil 

 distilled from wood-tar which is heavier than water. Tho operation is 

 too complicated to admit of its being stated at length. The proj>erties 

 of creosote are the following : It is a colourless transparent fluid, and 

 has a strong odour which greatly resembles that of smoked meat, with 

 a caustic and burning taste. Its specific gravity is 1-037; it boils at 

 897, and remains fluid at 17 below zero. It requires 80 parts of 

 water for solution, and is soluble in alcohol, ether, and sulphuret of 

 carbon, in all proportions. It bums with a sooty flamo, refracts light 

 powerfully, and is a non-conductor of electricity ; it has neither acid 

 nor alkaline properties. It is highly antiseptic, and hence the name 

 given to it It combines both with acids and with alkalies ; but it is 

 decomposed by strong nitric and sulphuric acid. 



Creosote coagulates albumen, even when much diluted, and it also 

 coagulates serum. Meat and fish are preserved after having been 

 brushed over with creosote and dried in the sun ; the antiseptic power 

 of pyroligneous acid and wood-smoke is supposed to be derived from 

 it* presence. A few drops added to ink are said effectually to prevent 

 it* becoming mouldy. 



CREASOTE or KREASOTE, Medical Propertiei of. The chemical 

 formula shows that creosote contains a very large proportion of 

 carbon ; which circumstance, along with other peculiarities, renders 

 it in certain case* a valuable medicine, and in other instances a 

 formidable poison. The introduction, by its means, of a large quantity 

 of carbon into the body, produces all the bad effects which an excess 

 of that principle in the animal system is known to occasion ; while 

 in certain morbid states of the system, this increased quantity of 

 carbon produce* the remarkably sedative effect which has followed its 

 use. There can also scarcely be a doubt that the highly carbonised 

 nature of this compound, along with its power of coagulating albumen, 

 i* the source of the powerful antiseptic properties which many of its 

 combinations and solutions have been known for ages to possess. 

 Independently of its general action on the system when taken in- 

 ternally, it produce*, when concentrated, a local effect on the part to 

 which it has been applied very necessary to be borne in mind, and 

 which probably is owing to the power which creosote seems to possess 

 of coagulating the albumen, even of living as well as of dead tissues, 

 and which it is enabled to reach by destroying the epidermis of the 

 part which it has been allowed to touch. Dropped upon the tongue it 

 causes violent pain ; unless largely diluted it cannot be swallowed, as, 

 independent of the pain, it coagulate* the albumen of all the fluids with 

 which it comes in contact. Ki brine, carefully separated from other 

 principles, is not affected by creasote. 



A few drops of a very dilute solution of creosote taken into the 

 stomach causes a sensation of warmth, and if repeated at short in- 

 tervals, or the dose gradually increased, giddiness and other signs 

 simiUr to those of intoxication are experienced. The. urine is frequently 

 observed to acquire a black hue, " as if a small quantity of Indian ink 

 had been added to it, perfectly transparent, and without sediment." 



(' Medical Gazette/ rol. xvi. p. 599.) In larger doses it has all the 

 effects of a narcotioo-acrid pouon, the venous state of the blooil pro. 

 ilncing on the brain a markedly sedative effect, and the re.-, 

 coming slow and laborious, or convulsive. Animals, fishes, and insects, 

 plunged into creasote water speedily die with strong convulsions. 

 Even plant* watered with it perish, except perhaps those of the tribe 

 Ericoce*}, which constitute the chief vegetation of bogs or mom*. 

 The injurious action of the smoke of towns on plants has been ascribed 

 to the creosote it is supposed to contain. Hut mechanical im| 

 have a far larger share, as is proved by the utility of Ward's cisos, 



Creasoto ha* been recommended as a remedy in very many disease*, 

 in few of which will it ultimately be found useful. Vomiting, in- 

 cluding sea-sickness, some forms of bronchitis, cutaneous diseases, and 

 hemorrhage either spontaneous or from wounds, are the only case* in 

 which it has a claim to confidence. Vomiting, such as frequently 

 occurs in hysterical and other person* from irritation of the origin of 

 the eighth pair of nerves, will almost invariably be alleviated or 

 checked ; also that in Boa-sickness, which proceeds from a similar 

 cause, may be loosened, but scarcely any other kind of vomiting can 

 be relieved by it. That form of vomiting which occurs toward* the 

 end of phthisis puhnonalis, and is connected with mibocute inflam- 

 mation of the stomach, is sure to be aggravated by it ; as will any 

 other, either caused by scirrhun, ulceration, or any crude indigested 

 matter in the stomoclu The utility of breathing the vapour of tar- 

 wati-r in some forms of bronchitis often mistaken for consumption, has 

 long been known : but creasote can be of no service in true tubercular 

 consumption, when cavities exist in the lungs. Glanders in the human 

 subject has been cured by injections of creasote thrown up the affected 

 nostril. (Dr. Elliotson.) Creosote possesses great influence over external 

 ulcers when it can be applied sufficiently strong to coagulate the albu- 

 men and so form an artificial skin, under which the healing process goes 

 on kindly. Thus in porrigo, especially ringworm of the scalp, and 

 psoriasis, it is unrivalled. But poisoning has resulted even from its 

 external application. Its power of coagulating the albumen of tin- 

 blood renders it a most valuable styptic, and it may be employed to 

 stop the bleeding mouths of even the largest arteries, such as the 

 c.iiotid, during surgical operations, or the flow of blood from leech- 

 bite*. In case of poisoning by creasote, moderate venesection and 

 artificial respiration may be employed ; the latter should be continued 

 till by the operation of the lungs, the liver, and the kidneys, the 

 system can free itself from the hurtful excess of carbon. The solution 

 of creasote should always be prepared of a definite strength, to prevent 

 unfortunate occurrences from an over dose. Creasote is now 

 sivily employed to preserve anatomical preparations for museums. It 

 is likewise fraudulently added to whiskey to give the pett-rtek flavour 

 which many like. 



CREATINE. (C.H,N s 0.2Aq.) This body, originally discovert-.! by 

 Chevreul, occurs in tran*i>arcnt very brilliant crystals. It has a Utter 

 strongly pungent taste, and irritates the pharynx. It dissolves in 74 

 parts of cold water, and in boiling water in such quantity that on 

 cooling the solution becomes consolidated into a mass of glistering 

 needles. It dissolves sparingly in alcohol, and not at all in ether 1 1 

 forms no definite salts with acids. According to Liebig it U best 

 obtained from finely chopped flesh that has been well kneaded with 

 water, and the fluid removed by pressure. The cnagulable matters are 

 then removed by boiling, and the phosphates by caustic baryta. The 

 fluid left in then evaporated till the creatine is deposited in the form 

 of needles. Creatine can also be obtained from the urine. It appear* 

 to be produced in the flesh of animals as the result of a process of 

 retrogressive change in the elements of the tissues in which it is found. 

 It is in fact a product of excretion. 



CREATININE (C.H.N.O,,) was discovered by Liebig. It is 

 obtained from creatine by the action ot hydrochloric acid. It is I'.mn.l 

 also in the muscles and the urine, with creatine, whilst these bodies 

 are in their normal condition. But in putrid flesh and urine no 

 creatine is found. Hence creatinine may be regarded as the result < if the 

 decomposition of creatine. 



CREDENTIALS are the instruments which an ambassador or other 

 diplomatic minister receives from his own government, authorising 

 him to appear in his diplomatic character, defining the extent of hi* 

 powers, and showing to what rank of minister* he is intended to belong. 

 The credentials ore usually in the form of a closed letter, addressed to 

 the power to which the minister is sent ; but ministers ore sometimes 

 accredited by letters patent, which is the form commonly adopted 

 when they are to be sent to a congress. 



A minister cannot be received in any other character than that which 

 is given him by his credentials ; and for this reason he usually com- 

 municates their contents before he is admitted to his first an. 

 If he is accredited by letters patent, this is done by showing the instru- 

 ment itself ; but if his credentials are scaled, then by presenting 

 of them. 



The powers granted by the credentials may either ! con) ! 

 certain specified transact ions, or extend generally to all nog. >tiatins 

 whatever ; and may, in either case, be either limited or unlimited : m 

 which latter cose the minister is styled a minister with full pov, 

 minister pleiii potent iary. 



i Vattel, liruil dn Gtiu,\i\: iv., 70 ; Kliibcr, Droit da Gtn* 

 S 193, 194.) 



