CHIMES AM> 1TNIS1IM 



CKorrs >.\TIVrs. 



theft* and attempts to steal. 21.698, of whom 16.241 were male*, and 

 .male.; offenden under the Vaynuit Act, 18,630, of wh-.m S'7'.'.s 

 were male., and 8882 female*; for offence* under the Police Act. the 

 Ha. knry-carriage Act, local acts. Licensed Victuallers' and Beersellers' 

 AcU, the game law*, and offence* relating to servant*. apprentices, *a 

 contribute the remainder. Of the total number of charge* the report 

 state* that 54,149 were against suspicious character*, 153,576 of 

 penon* of previous good charactera, 138,388 of penoni whoae charac- 

 ter* were unknown, 17,683 againit habitual drunkard*, and 21,473 

 against habitual tramp*. 



Pritotu. In 1858 the total number of person* committal to them 

 wai 139,457, of whom 105,175 were males, and 34,282 females; a 

 number not varying greatly from the average, but remarkable fur the 

 continued increase of commitment* under the County Court Act, 

 forming nearly 12 per cent, of the whole; but though these are 

 punishments, being usually for what is termed contempt of court, that 

 is, non-appearance or non payment of debt, they are scarcely to be 

 considered criminal. There were committal for trial at assizes and 

 session* 18,904 persona, on summary convictions 83,128, for want 

 of sureties 3678, on remand and discharged 12,519, for debt and 

 on civil process 16,620, of whom 976 were women, and 4675 men, 

 under the Mutiny Act, for desertion, Ac. Of re-committals there 

 11,580, of these 2131 males and 875 females had been com- 

 mitted above ten time*, 754 males and 559 female* had been com- 

 mitted from seven to ten times, and 13,574 males and 4694 females 

 were committed for the first time. Of the total number 1553 were 

 under 12 years of age, 8776 were between 12 and 16, the great maw 

 were between 16 and 40, numbering 86,845 ; there were 12,088 between 

 40 and 50, 5297 between 50 and CO, only 2798 above 60, and 805 whose 

 ages were not ascertained. Of the offenders 93,169 were English, 

 J^'.r Welsh, 2282 Scotch, 15,887 Irish, 567 colonial or East Indians, 

 1!>'J7 foreigners, and 1463 not known. Of the whole, 897 had received 

 superior instruction, 6813 could read and write well, 68,227 could read 

 and write imperfectly, 41,826 could neither read nor write, and 899 

 not ascertained. The total expense of prisons and prisoners for the 

 year was 560,012?., of which 151.267/. were for the maintenance of 

 prisoners, the remainder of the nature of fixed charges for the buildings, 

 management, Ac. The whole sum gives an average cost for each 

 prisoner of 29/. 16. 8rf., apportioned thus : for buildings and fittings, 

 II/. lie. 8t/.; officers and attendants, 101. 3*. lid.; prisoners diet, 

 clothing, &c., 8/. It. Id. The profits on the labour of prisoners had 

 been 23,1 94/., made up to 29,727'. by other small receipts, derived from 

 prisoners ; the local rates and funds produced 420,619?., and 109,666?, 

 were defrayed from the public revenue, the chief part as proportion of 

 the charge on convicted prisoners. The convict prisons are now ten, 

 the hulks have been altogether superseded, and transportation has in a 

 great measure ceased. The number of convicts undergoing punishment 

 at the commencement of the year was 7748, of whom 6795 were males 

 and 953 females; during the year, 3171 males and 373 females were 

 added, and 3410 males and 254 females were disposed of as follows : 

 1390 males were removed to Western Australia, Bermuda, and 

 Gibraltar ; 6 males sent to county gaols or reformatories, 1 2 males and 

 5 females transferred to lunatic asylums, 1557 males and 212 females 

 discharged on termination of sentence, 303 males and 9 females with 

 tickets of leave, 17 males and 4 females on commutation of sentence, 

 26 males and 10 females pardoned, 96 males and 14 females died, and 

 3 males escaped. At the end of the year there remained in the various 

 prisons 6556 males and 1072 females. The cost of these convict 

 prisons had been 262,473?., the value of convict labour hod been 7762?., 

 and the net yearly cost of each prisoner had been 31?. 14. 10<?. The 

 criminal lunatics under confinement on Sept. 2!), 1858, numbered 686 ; 

 of whom 530 were males and 15G females. The total cost of police 

 prosecutions in 1857, county and borough prisons, convict prisons, 

 reformatories, and criminal lunatics, was 2,381,054?., of which 1,590,850?. 

 were defrayed from local funds, and 790,204?. by the government. 



Crimt in Ireland. In 1858, the total number of persons committed 

 or held to bail was 6308, a smaller number by 902 than in 1857. The 

 convictions were 3360, there were 18 found insane, 1827 were found 

 not guilty on trial, no bills were found against 971, no prosecutions 

 were instituted against 492, and 150 were bailed and not tried. Of the 

 committals, 4708 were males, and 1600 females. Of the number con- 

 victed, 896 were for offences against the person; 191 for oflenn - 

 against property, committed with violence; 1 485 for offences against 

 property, without violence ; 31 for malicious offences against property ; 

 J.'. for forgery and offences against the currency ; and 723 for other 

 offences not included in the foregoing classes, chiefly breaches of the 

 peace. Of the convicted, 6 were sentenced to death for murder, and 4 

 were executed ; 340 were sentenced to penal servitude for various 

 periods ; 2374 to various terms of imprisonment, 488 to be whipped, 

 fined or discharged, and 140 of whom the sentence was respited, or 

 who were pardoned. Of the convictions there were 1356 males, and 

 845 females, who could neither read nor write ; 302 of both HC.V 

 under iiixtcen. 1143 were under twenty -one, 2041 were lictv.i , n twcnty- 

 one and thirty. 1-1 1 U-twccn thirty and *ixty, 84 were above sixty, 

 and of 1497 the age could not be ascertained. The number of 

 prisoner* in all the jails of Ireland was 2844 on January 1, 1859, 

 a decrease of 421 from 1857. The total number of persons passing 

 through prison in the year had been 33,999, of whom 28,501 were 



cd either at issiies or quarter-sessions. At the session- 

 were convicted and committed to prison 794 deserters, 1440 persons 

 under the Vagrant Act, and 7873 for drunkenness, more than il .ni.lc 

 the number committed in 1857. 



Crime in .V>>r?(int?. In 1858 the total number of offenders committal 

 for trial or held to bail was 8782, of whom 2718 were males, and 1064 

 females. Of these, 3167 were tried (615 having been .discharged, f. >un<l 

 insane, or outlawed for non-appearance), and 2891 were convicted. 

 Of the convictions, 1171 were for offences against the person, I 

 offences against property, committed with violence, 1734 for offences 

 against property without violence, 93 for malicious offences against 

 property, 91 for forgery and offences against the currency, and '. 

 other miscellaneous offences. Of the total, 515 males and 294 females 

 could neither read nor write, 1566 males and 670 females could read 

 and write imperfectly, 529 males and 91 females could read and w rite 

 well, and 80 males and 3 females had had a superior education. Of the 

 punishments, none were sentenced to death, 289 were sentenced to penal 

 servitude for various periods, the greater number for four years ; 370 to 

 imprisonment for periods between two years and more than six months, 

 1816 for various periods between six months and less than one month, 

 6 to be detained in reformatory schools, and 348 to be whipped, fined, 

 or discharged on sureties. Of the number committed, 93 were under 

 twelve, 315 between twelve and sixteen, and 52 were above sixty years 

 of age. The number of prisoners in all the prisons of Scotland on 

 December 31, 1858, was 2114 for criminal offences, and 7- on civil 

 cases, of whom 1189 were males, and 997 females; the number of 

 commitments in the year had been 17,922. 



CRIMINAL CONVERSATION. [ADULTERY.] 



CRIMINAL LAW. [LAW, CRIMINAL.] 



CROCKET, an ornament of very frequent use in Gothic architecture. 

 It consists of leaves, leafy buds, or flowers, growing out of the angular 

 sides of pinnacles, spires, canopies, and the label moulding of windows 

 and doors, and sometimes, though less frequently, in other places the 

 only exception to their occasional use in Gothic work of some period or 

 place seeming to be upon horizontal features. Figures of nimal occa- 

 sionally occur as crocket*. There are no examples of crockets in the 

 Norman or round arched style. In the first pointed, or Early Ki 

 style they are meagre, as in Lincoln cathedral, but afterwards they be- 

 come fuller, and more natural in their imitation. The latest examples, 

 however, are larger, and have not so much the appearance of nut 



CROCONIC ACID. [RHODIZOMC ACID.] 



CROCUS OF ANTIMONY. [ANTIMONY, compound* vith iulf,h ur. | 



CROCUS SATI'VUS Medical jiropertia of. The saffron crocus is 

 a native of Asia Minor, but is extensively cultivated in the more southern 

 countries of Europe. That which is obtained in England, chiefly from 

 Suffolk, is from the Croeiu autumnalu, and is scarcely now to be met 

 with, being nearly supplanted by the saffron imported from 6 

 The officinal part is the stigmata of the flower, with a small part of t he 

 style attached. The part of the style receives the name of fominelle, 

 and the less of this there is, the finer is the saffron. The stigma 

 consists of three narrow club-shaped, somewhat petaloid portions, 

 about one or two inches in length, of a brown or orange-yellow colour, 

 with an aromatic, pleasant, but somewhat stupifying odour, and 

 bitterish aromatic taste. The plant flowers in September and October, 

 and once a day (some say twice) the stigmata are carefully plucked out 

 of the open flowers, and dried on paper or sieves, either in the sun, in 

 a room, or by kilns, if the weather be unfavourable for drying in thu 

 sun. The attention necessary for procuring it in perfection may be 

 estimated from the circumstance that nearly 40,000 ilow. 

 required to yield one pound of saffron. The statement that ! 

 or still more 203,920 flowers are required is a gross exaggeration. The 

 good saffron occurs only in the state called hay ; that which is termed 

 cake saffron is entirely composed of the flowers of a comjxnmd plant 

 called Cartltamtu tinctoriut, or safflower. Other sophisticat 

 to be practised, but they are of rare occuri< oiling old 



saffron, to give it the appearance of fresh. Portions of smoked flesh 

 are easily detected by not yielding colour like saffron. The cl,- 

 analysis by chemists agrees as to constituents, but differs as to :!.. 

 respective quantities, a difference arising from the quality of the 

 specimens examined. 



Yogel and Ilouillon 



Lrgrungc. Aachoff. 



Volatile oil 7-4 1-4 



Vfai 0'4 4-0 



Polvchroitc 65-0 4J-0 



Gum 6-4 10-4 



Soluble albumen 0-4 



Woody fibre 10-0 19-0 



Water 10-0 10-0 



BaUamic matter, soluble in etticr and alcohol 2'0 



100-0 



91-B 



The volatile oil is ycllov . :.nd heavier than water, and possesses a, 

 bitter, acrid, burning taste, ami is initially w.lublc in 

 Uepint; it undergoes some change, for It becomes white, and is then 



hiefly owitiK the medicinal prop, , 



saffron, while the colour .-. cms owing to the polychroUe, which seems to 

 be a combination of a volatile oil and a red bitter sub.-- 



