."..- 



CRUX. 



(Tiv.Mi'.r.i:. 



JJO 



The word Cruth WM corrupted in pronunciation into crowd ; hence 

 performer on the instrument WM called a crowder. Butler, in 

 ' HudibraV name, his fiddler Cromfcro. (Hawkins' HUt.' vol. U.) 



UU'X. a southern constellation formed out of Halley's observations, 

 by Augustin Royer, in hi* map*, published in 1679. It is situated close 

 to the hinder legs and under the body of Centaurus. 



The following are the principal stars in this constellation : 



No. In CtUlofuc 



of Britiih 



Chancur. AMOcUtion. Mnitudf. 



t 4120 3 



. 4158 4 



> 4187 1 



y 4215 3 



4289 2 



CRY'OPHORUS, from the Greek words irpvoi (cold) and the root 

 of +i?* (to bear), is an instrument which was invented by Dr. \V.-1 

 laston for the purpose of exhibiting the congelation of water in conse- 

 quence of evaporation. 



It consists of a glass tube about nine inches long, bent near the two 

 extremities, and terminating with hollow balls of the same material. 

 One of these balls is about half full of distilled water, which being 

 made to boil, the air U expelled, the tube together with the other ball 

 becoming filled with aqueous vapour : in this state the tube U hermeti- 

 cally sealed. The expansive force of the vapour, by producing a 

 pressure on the surface of the water, prevents any further evaporation 

 from thence ; but, on plunging the boll containing no water into a 

 mixture of snow and salt, the vapour in the balls and tube is suddenly 

 condensed and a vacuum is produced, when an evaporation immediately 

 takes place from the water, and the latter, in two or three minutes, is 

 converted into ice. 



CRYPT, a vaulted chamber, chiefly or entirely under ground. The 

 term crypt is now almost exclusively applied to the vaults under 

 churches and cathedrals ; but as originally used, in reference to Human 

 buildings, it had a much more extended application, being employed 

 for any low, narrow, underground vault. Thus, what would now be 

 termed a tunnel, the carceres of a circus [Cntccs], and even cloaca) 

 [CLOACCS], were called Crypto- (from icpmrrny, to conceal). From for- 

 bidden rites or forma of worship being frequently performed in these 

 underground chambers, they came to be commonly designated cryptic 

 in reproach. The rites of Priapus were so spoken of ; so also was the 

 worship of the early Christians, who were accustomed to meet together 

 in the catacombs of Home [CATACOMBS] during the age of persecution. 

 An arcade or portico enclosed at the side by a wall for protection from 

 the sun and rain was called a Crypto- Portirm. 



The crypts constructed under the older churches and cathedrals 

 were intended to serve as chapels, and for the performance of certain 

 rites and services, no doubt in commemoration of the fact of tin- 

 practice of the early Christian Church in its time of suffering. They 

 have also in many instances been used as places of sepulture, or recep- 

 tacles of the monuments of the dead, as at the abbey of St. Denis. In 

 the crypt* of several English churches human bones are found piled up 

 with great regularity, and without any more than a vague and often 

 manifestly unfounded tradition of the date at which they were placed 

 there. Instances of this kind occur at Hereford Cathedral, Ripou 

 Minuter, Hythc Church, Kent, ChrUtchurch, Hampshire, 4c. 



The vaulting in Norman, or Romanesque, and Gothic crypts is com- 

 monly supported on low massive columns and the basement walls of 

 the church. Usually the crypt occupies but a part of the area of the 

 church, usually the choir or chancel, but sometimes, as at Christ- 

 church, one or both of the transepts. One of the largest and finest 

 crypt* in England is that under Canterbury Cathedral. [Ciiuucii.] 

 In most of our cathedrals, and more important collegiate and parish 

 churches, which have been rebuilt or enlarged at different times, the 

 crypt is the oldest part of the structure. During the Norman period 

 great attention was paid to the formation and enrichment of the crypt 

 for the purposes of worship ; but gradually it came to be regarded as 

 of leas and less importance, and no new ones appear to have been con- 

 structed after about the middle of the 13th century. One of the 

 latest of these subterranean churches in England, the finest of its time, 

 is that under Rochester Cathedral, which, with the choir, was rebuilt 

 at the beginning of the 13th century. Several of the French and 

 German Gothic churches have very fine crypts. 



CHYPTIDINE (C M H,,N). An organic base found in coal tar. 



CRYSTAL I. INK. [ANILIJCB.] 



CRYSTALLISATION. Wh.-n a liquid U about to assume the 

 olid state, and by the gentle application of heat or by its slow with- 

 drawal the particles are drawn very gradually under the influence of 

 cohesion [ATTRACTION], they do not form a confused amorphous mass, 

 but in many case* arrange themselves into geometrical solids of great 

 beauty and symmetry. Thus, if a mass of sulphur or of bismuth be 

 melted, and allowed to cool slowly, so as to form a crust over the sur- 

 face, if this crust be pierced and the liquid portion poured out, the 

 cavity will bo studded, in the case of bismuth, with beautiful cubic 

 forms, and in the case of sulphur, with six-aided prisms and needles. 

 These forms are called crystals, and the process is termed crystallisation. 

 For the form* of crystal*, see CRtSTALLOURAniv, in NAT. HIST. Uiv. 



CURE (i/JoO, a solid figure contained by six equal squares; a box 

 of equal length, breadth, and depth. 



Owing to it* being the most simple of solids, the cube is the mea- 

 suring unit of solid content, as the square i* that of superficial oont.ni , 

 or area. Whatever the unit of length may be, the unit of solidity i- 

 the cube which U a unit every way : thus we have the cubic inch, ill-- 

 cubic foot, Ac. 



Cubes of different side* are to one another as the algebraical third 

 powers of the number of unit* in their side* : thus cube* which are 

 as 7 to 10 in their sides are a* 7 x 7 x 7 to 10 x 10 x 10 in their con- 

 tent*. Hence the algebraical third power* are called cube* ; thus a x 

 a x a is called the cube of a. If the side of a cube contain a units, the 

 content is a x a x a cubical units of the amo kind. 



The cube has no remarkable properties, for our eye* are so used to 

 the figure, that its properties seem self-evident. 



It* internal diagonals are found by multiplying the number of unit* 

 in the side by ^8, or (very nearly) by adding one half and one half of 

 one half, and subtracting one per cent of the result, and if still furtln r 

 accuracy be required, 5 for every 10,000 units : 



2)10000 subtract S presently. 

 2) 5000 

 2*00 



17600 



175 



17325 

 5 



17320 feet in the diagonal 

 which is about six inches too small. 



For the celebrated historical problem connected with this ait;. !.. 

 see DUPLICATION OF THE CUBE. 



i 'I ' IlKP.KNE (C M H,.). An oily body isomeric with oil of cubebs, 

 from which it is obtained by distillation with concentrated sulphuric 

 acid. 



CUBEBIN (C,,H7,0, T). A non-azotised principle found in cubebs. 

 It crystallises in groups of small needles, which are colourless and 

 tasteless. It is only slightly soluble in cold water, alcohol , or i-tln-i-, 

 but is much more soluble in boiling alcohol. Concentrated sulphuric 

 acid strikes a red colour with cubebin. 



CUBIT, a measure of length in use among the ancients, and more 

 especially among the Jews. The Hebrews called it DQM (innmci), as 

 the mother of other measures ; the Greeks nfjx 1 " (pfcltui); the Romans 

 . .-i word apparently formed from the verb "cubo," to bend for 

 the purpose of lying down. The cubit was originally the distance from 

 the joint or bending of the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger. 



'I'll.' l>et authorities assert that there were two cubits in use among 

 the Hebrews ; one sacred, the other common. In Deuteronomy, chap. 

 iii. v. 11, the bed of Og is said to be nine cubits long and four broad, 

 after the cubit of a man. The common cubit was eighteen inches ; the 

 sacred or great cubit (Ezek. xli. 8 ; and xliii. 5) of twenty-one inches, 

 is stated to be a cubit and a hand-breadth. Calmet, In iwi-vt-r. is per- 

 suaded, that from the Exodus to the Babylonish captivity, there was 

 but one cubit in use among the Hebrews, and then it was the EK 

 cubit. He says it is only after the captivity that Scripture notices 

 two sorts of measures, to distinguish the old Hebrew cubit fro: 

 of Babylon, which the captives used during their abode in that city. 

 On this, he adds, is grounded the precaution of Ezekiel, in observing 

 that the cubit he is speaking of is the true old cubit, larger by a hand's 

 breadth than the common cubit. There is no means of positively 

 ascertaining the precise length of the cubit; the common cubit i.-i 

 stated to be 1 foot 9-888 inches, and a hand-breadth 3'684, iti the table 

 of Scripture measures inserted in some editions of the authorised 

 versions of the Bible. This of course is Ezekiel's cubit. Among the 

 Greeks the cubit (p(chui) was twenty-four fingers ( JOXTI/AOI), measured 

 as already explained See Herodotus, ii. 175. (Ail. nt.hu. > t, ' Tables of 

 Coins. Weights,' 4c. ; and Calmet's ' Diet of the Holy ltil.li-,' in voce.) 



CUCKINO STOOL, a machine formerly used for the punishment 

 of scolding women, consisting of a stool or chair attached to the end of 

 a long pole, mounted in such a manner that the chair, with the < 

 placed in it, might be swung over a pond, and immersed as often as 

 might be necessary. Several notices of the use of this apparatus. 

 which was also called a trebuchet, & tumbrel, or a duckiu-iluol, arc 

 in Brand's ' Popular Antiquities.' It appears to have been used as 

 early as the era of the Saxon government in England, and to ln\ 

 a common punishment, in some places at least, aa late as the time of 

 day, who m. nt i..ns it in his 'Pastorals.' 



CUCUMBER, a trailing annual, whose unripe fruit is used for salad* 

 and pickles. [CucuMis.] Every gardener knows so much of the culti- 

 vation of this plant as to render any general description of the process 

 unnecessary. We only notice a few points. The finest cucurabent are 

 always obtained from shaded plants growing in a warm damp atmos- 

 phere, and therefore growing rapidly ; this is exclusively owing 

 ordinary action of solar light being prevented. Under bright light, 

 evaporation goes on with great force from the surface of the cuc> 

 plant, the quickness of growth is thus diminished, and the fruit U 



