I - 



DELIVKIIV. 



DEMAND AND SUPPLY. 



T, be will order; if servant, he will bo anxiously obeying bii 

 mMtor's command*. The sailor, the coldier, the achinan, all get 

 biwily engaged in their oecuiatiorw. His tbuugliU are mostly distress- 

 fill awl anxious ; be ftnciee be U ia debt, that persons are persecuting 

 him, that reptile* or animal* are running after him ; hu looks auapi- 

 ctoualy behind the curtain* or door, or under the pillow, and wiuiU to 

 wander about. He seldom meditate* harm either t.. him-.-lt or other*. 

 When there i tremor, the hand* are Bdgetty an. I tin- |itient constantly 

 want* to UM them. In addition to theae symptoms are other* lea* 

 obaerred ; the tongue it moUt and creamy, the pulse though frequent 

 U soft ; the skin U |vrpirinK, and emit* a iculiar odour. 



The disease with which thu may be confounded is inflammation of 

 the brain ; and it U of the greatest importance that it should be distin- 

 guiahed, a* the remedial that cure in the one disease will destroy in 

 toe other. Although delirium trcmens doea not invariably present 

 itaelf in the drunkard, yet, when a person who drinks much alcohol 

 prreeuU many of the above symptoms, there is strong ground for 

 U lit ving it to be delirium tremens. 



When the symptoms of this disease are obvious, it* treatment is 

 aimple. The patient must have a sufficient quantity of opium aduii- 

 ni*tered to him to procure sleep ; it should first be commenced i 

 diMC*. and then continued. A third of a grain of morphia may be 

 given every two hours to begin with, and this may be increased to one 

 or more grains. Generally, after a first sleep the patient becomes 

 refreshed, and not iinfreqiiently wakes up entirely well. Sometimes 

 opium alone is not sufficient ; this is the case where the disease has 

 come on a* the consequence of a cessation of an accustomed stimulus ; 

 in these mnm it will frequently be necessary to let the patient have bin 

 ordinary beverage in order to prevent that degree of exhaustion which 

 appears to keep up the irritability of the system. This remedy ought 

 ii"t. however, to be continued after the patient baa acquired sufficient 

 strength to do without it Chloroform bos been recommended as a 

 means of procuring sleep when opium foils. 



\Vlicii the disease U about to terminate fatally, the delirium abates, 

 and coma takes its place ; the tremor of the limbs becomes stibsultus 

 tonHimiin, tlte evacuations ore passed involuntarily, the face becomes 

 suffused, and the patient dies as though he were in apoplexy. The 

 attack* of delirium tremens are very apt to recur, especially in 

 drunkards who do not after their first attack give up the vice to which 

 they are addicted. First attacks seldom prove fatal, but subsequent 

 attacks are not uncommonly attended with fatal symptoms. After 

 death from delirium tremens, the ventricles of the brain are usually 

 found effused with senim. Serum, and even lymph, U also found occa- 

 sionally under the arachnoid. 



(Watson, Lectures on the Practice of Physic; Marshall Hall, Disease! 

 of Ike AVrroiu System.) 

 DELIVERY, [DEED.] 

 DELIVERY ORDER. [DOCK WARRANTS.] 



DELPHIXE (C,,H..NO,?). An alkaloid, not yet thoroughly in- 

 vestigated, found in the seeds of the J>ilp/i!uiinii ^tn^liitagria, along 

 with a yellow solid non-crystalline body, itaphitain (C M H M NO,). Del- 

 phine is a light yellow resinous solid, which fuses at 248" Fabr., and 

 volatilises with the vapour of water. 

 DELPHINIC ACID. [VALERIAJJIC ACID.] 



UKI.I'H I N I'S (the Dolphin), one of the old Greek constellations, 

 referred to the fable of Amphitrite and to that of Arion. It succeeds 

 Aquila in the heavens, and its principal cluster comes on the meridian 

 about three-quarters of on hour later than the principal star (a) of the 

 latter, and nearly in the name declination. 



CharacUr. 



a 

 8 

 7 



No. In Catalogue 

 of Flamstccd. 



2 



6 



9 



11 



No. in Catalogue 

 of British 



Association. 



7088 

 7121 

 7149 

 7173 

 7200 



Magnitude. 

 4 

 4 

 3-5 



4 

 4 



DEMAND AND SUPPLY ore terms used in political economy to 

 express the relations between consumption and production between 

 the demand of purchasers and the supply of commodities by those who 

 have them to sell. The relations between the demand for an article 

 and iU supply determine its price or exchangeable value [VALUE] : the 

 relations between the demand for labour and its supply determine the 

 amount of wage* to be earned by the labourer [WAUKS]. For causes 

 explained elsewhere, the price of an article will rarely vary, for any 

 length of time, very much above or below its cost of production ;* nor 

 will the wage* of labour, for any length of time, much exceed <>r I. ill 

 below the amount Decenary to maintain labourers and their families in 

 uch comfort* a* their habits of life have accustomed them to believe 

 neoemry for their subsistence; but bearing in mind that, in thu 

 price* of commodities and labour, there is a certain point, determined 



" Colt of production " li UMd by political eeonomUU In a tense different 

 from that of commerce, and includes profit*. (Sec M'Culloch't edition of 

 Adam Smith, c. 7.) It mrann. In fact, tbe price below which no man would 

 continue to icll hU good*. An ordinary profit li a part of the cont of pro- 

 duclian la an enlarged tnue, tin much M the expense of wage* and material*. 



by cause* independent of demand or supply, above or below which 

 price* cannot materially vary for any considerable time, all vai 

 of price, if the medium in which they are calculated remain* un- 

 changed, may be referred to the proportion which exist* between the 

 demand for commodities and the supply of them between the qu.mti- 

 tie* which purchasers are willing and able to buy, and the quantities 

 which producers are able and willing to aelL 



To have any influence upon price*, a demand must be accompanied 

 by the means of purchasing. A demand U not limply a want a desire 

 to obtain and enjoy the products of other men'* labour ; for if this 

 were it* meaning, there would never be the least proportion between 

 demand and supply : all men would always want everything, and pro- 

 duction could not keep pace with consumption. But on " effective 

 demand," as it is termed by Adam Smith, exists wherever one man is 

 anxious to exchange tbe products of his own labour for that of other 

 men. It is, therefore, of on effective demand only that political econo- 

 mist* are speaking when they examine the circumstance* of demand 

 and supply in connection with prices. 



But although a demand, without the means of purchase, cannot 

 affect prices, tbe universal desire of mankind to poasess article* of com- 

 fort and luxury suggests other important considerations. As this 

 desire is natural to ui in, and too often is so strong as to tempt him 

 even to commit crime, it obviously needs no encouragement : men will 

 always gratify it whenever they have the means, and these means consist 

 in the products of their own labour. Hence all that is required to 

 convert this desire of acquisition into an effective demand U ample 

 employment for industry. Increase the production of all commodities 

 and an increased consumption of them is the certain result ; for, men 

 having Larger products of their own labour to offer in exchange for the 

 products of other men's labour, are enabled to purchase what they ore 

 always eager to acquire. Production, therefore, is the great object to 

 be secured, not only as furnishing a supply of commodities necessary 

 and useful to mankind, but also an creating an ell'ective demnix! for 

 them. When trade is depressed by a languid demand, it ia commonly 

 said that increased consumption is all that is required to restore its 

 prosperity. But how is this consumption to be caused ? The 

 to consume is invariable, and thus any falling off in consumption must 

 be attributed to a diminished production in some departnn 

 industry which causes an inability to consume. When production is 

 restored, an effective demand for all articles will immediately follow ; 

 but until the productive energies of the consumers ore in a state of 

 activity it is in vain to expect from them an increased demand. 



Theae considerations lead us to the conclusion that a universal glut 

 of all commodities is impossible. The supply of particular commo- 

 dities may easily exceed the demand for them, and very often doea 

 exceed it ; but as the constant desire to obtain commodities needs 

 nothing but the power of offering other commodities in exchange, to 

 become an effective demand, it is evident that a universal increase of 

 production is necessarily accompanied by a proportionate increase of 

 consumption. Men ore stimulated by no love of production for its 

 own sake, but they produce in order to consume directly, or 1> 

 by exchanging their produce with others they are able to mjoy the 

 various comforts and luxuries which they are all desirous of obtaining. 

 Active production, therefore, in all departments of industry causes a 

 general and effective demand for commodities, which will continue to 

 be equal to the supply unless it be checked by war, by restrictions upon 

 commerce, or by other circumstances which prevent a free interchange 

 of commodities. 



A country is in the highest prosperity when there is an active and 

 steady demand for commodities and labour, and a sufficient supply of 

 them. Any disturbance of the proportion between one and tbe other 

 is injurious to the community ; and the injury is greater or less accord- 

 ing to the extent and duration of such disturbance. When tbe pro- 

 portion is well adjusted, the whole community derive benefit from the 

 circumstance, bath as producers and consumers ; when it is disturbed, 

 they are injured in both capacities. 



Having described thus generally the nature and causes of demand, 

 and it* intimate connection with supply, it become* necessary to 

 examine the influence of demand and supply upon one another, and 

 upon production, consumption, prices, and profits. This inll 

 varies according to the circumstances of the market, and the nature of 

 the commodities to which its laws may be applied. These may fie 

 best understood by considering, 1st, the effects of a demand exceeding 

 the supply ; and 2ndly, of a supply exceeding the demand. 



I. The first effect of a demand exceeding the supply of a commodity 

 is to raise its price. As more persons want to buy tin < ..mmilitv tlnti 

 the producers ore able, or willing to supply, they cannot all obtain what 

 they desire, but must share the supply between them in some m . 

 But their wants are very much regulated by the cost of gratifying 

 them. One man would purchase on article for a shilling for which he 

 may be unwilling or unable to pay two ; while others, rather than 

 forego the purchase, will consent to pay that amount. Those who have 

 commodities to sell, finding that they have more customers than they 

 can satisfy, immediately infer that they are selling them too cheaply, 

 and that they could dispose of all their stock at a higher price. The 

 price is accordingly raised, when the sale becomes limited to those who 

 are not restrained from buying by the increased price. In principle, 

 though not in outward form, tha market is in the nature of on auction. 



