.- 



DEMURRAGE. 



DENIZEN. 



purpoae, milk, gruel, or oil, are frequently employed, though deroid 

 of * dijanu the substance chemically of iU virulence. 



I'KVYltKAUE. the term uied In commerce to denote the money 

 payable to the owner of a "hip on the port of the shippers or consignee* 

 of good*, u oompenniion for detention l-ey-n-l the time stipulated 

 for her loading or discharge, ai the tame U expressed in the charter- 

 party or Wlh of lading. It in usual to itwrt in all charter-i>artie the 

 number of working dayn allows! fur the loading of the ship, and also 

 for her unloading, and likewise the sum per diem which may be 

 claimed for delay Iwyoud thnee periods in either case, in addition to 

 the itipuUtod freight Sometimes the number of working days for 

 loading and unloading are stated together, so that any delay in the one 

 owe may be compensated by greater speed in the other. When the 

 owner* of the ship enter her outwards for any port, to receive such 

 goods a* may offer, and consequently where no charter-party exists, 

 there Is no stipulation for demurrage in the port of loading ; but in 

 this ca*e it is common to insert on the face of the bill of lading a 

 statement of the number of days after her arrival at her destined port 

 in which time the goods must be token from on board the ship, and 

 also the rate of demurrage chargeable daily for any exceeding that 

 time. No claim for demurrage can be set up where a ship is detained 

 by contrary winds or stress of weather, nor where the government 

 interferes to lay an embargo, nor where the port is blockaded by a 

 hostile force, but the claim on the part of the ship ceases so soon 

 as the goods ore shipped and the clearances ore passed at the Custom- 

 house. 



DKMURRER (drmttrari, to stay) ia that pleading by which a 

 question of law is raised between the parties to an action at law or 

 suit in equity. The party demurring refuses to proceed farther with 

 the pleadings, and requires the judgment of the court whether the 

 last statement of his opponent is sufficient. A demurrer, therefore, 

 admits the truth of the opponent's allegations, and only questions its 

 (sufficiency in point of law. 



DEXA'It IUS, a Roman coin of silver, so called from containing ten 

 ascs. It answered to the Attic drachma. After the first Punic war 

 (about 269 B.C.), the denarius became the representative of sixteen 

 ages, and though Augustus reduced it to twelve, it continued subse- 

 quently at the value of sixteen as low as the time of Gallicnns. 

 Pinkerton says it was worth eightpence of our money ; Hussey 

 estimates its value under the commonwealth at 8}rf., under the empire 

 0,1 7{rf., of our money. It was the chief silver coin in Rome for 600 

 years, down to the time of Constantino I. 



The earliest denarii are those which have the helmeted head of 

 Rome, the dioscuri, or the head of Jupiter, upon their obverse. Many 

 of them hod chariots, bigse, or quadriga;, represented on their reverses; 

 such coins were called b'njati and qttadriyati. The half of the denarius 

 was called 'juinuriut, as containing five oses ; the quarter, testerliua as 



<. containing two oses and a half. 



Many of the family Denarii, aa those of the ./Elian, ^Smilian, Cal- 

 purni.m, Didian, Fulvian, Papiuian, Tullian, and numerous other 

 families, were marked on the obverse with the numeral x ; others of 

 the same and other family coins have the x crossed by an upright or 

 h'iri/ontal bar, sometimes taken for a star or asterisk, but clearly in- 

 ignate the value. The denarii which went for sixteen 

 Mea sometimes continued to be marked with x. and sometimes had 

 the numerals XVI. Akennan, in his ' Descriptive Catalogue of rare 

 and unedited Roman Coins,' 8vo, Loud., 1834, vol. i., p. 15-19, has 

 given the actual weight of the silver denarii in Troy grains, from 

 Pompeius Magnus to Constantinus Magnus. 



The denarii <trit or cerei, of copper, began with the Emperor Valerian, 

 and were at first washed with silver. Pinkerton thinks they came hi 

 tin' place of the sestertius, and that six of them went to the silver 

 denarius,as six of the later sestertii did. 



Roman Denarii. 



British Mnfcmn. Actual Sir*. SHrer. Weight 60,",; grains. 



BrltUh Muicum. Actual Size. Sllrer. \Vclglit 58-j 5 ,, grains. 



The word denarius was also applied to the ordinary gold coin of 

 Rome, the anreu*, in the same manner as the English writers speak of 

 the gold penny of Henry III. Aurei t/rtiarii are mentioned by I'ctro- 



niu*. The denarius aurrus was equivalent to 80 silver denarii. The 

 half-aureiw, in the name manner, was termed quinai -ins. Fn-m the 

 Romans the name was odopted by the Carlovingion kings in France 

 and Germany, and the coin represented the twelfth part of a mJi.lus. 

 The Arabian dinar has also the wine origin. 



DENEB, an Arabic word, signifying the tail : it generally mean* 

 the bright star (3) in the tail of the Lion. [LEO.] 



nrxtil 'i: (&wialM JAMMNM) is a peculiar febrile disease, con- 

 joined with sudden severe pains in the small joints, which are usually 

 swollen. It is accompanied by heat of skin, intense pain of the head 

 and eyeballs, and the appearance of a cutaneous eruption on the thinl 

 or fourth day. It is an infectious disease, and bos a tendency to 

 dcvclo|>e itself epidemically. The chief peculiarity of tl i disease is 

 the combination of the symptoms of an exonthematous fever with 

 rheumatic or neuralgic affection* of the joints. 



This disease ha* not been observed in Great Britain. " It h:i 

 chiefly prevalent in Rangoon, Calcutta, Berhampore, Benares, Chnnai- 

 Khur, in the East Indies; the island of St. Thomas in the West I 

 the Southern State* of America; the ports on the Gulf of M 

 the towns of New Orleans, Savannah, Charlestown, Philadelphia, and 

 New York. It wa* epidemic in 1824-28, and nothing appears t 

 been heard of it again till 1849 and 1850, when it again visited tin- 

 Southern States of America," (Aitken.) 



The general course of the disease is, that the patient is attacked with 

 headache, intolerance of light, chilliness, and pains in the back and 

 joints. The small joints swell, the skin becomes hot, the pulse fre- 

 quent, and the face flushed. The tongue is red. Sometimes an 

 eruption appears at this stage. This state lost* from twelve 1. 

 three or four days, after which it subsides, leaving the patient vcy 

 feeble. This remission is, however, only temporary. In the course of 

 two or three days there is a return of the fever and pains, with a 

 thickly coated tongue, nausea, and tenderness of the epigastrium. ( in 

 the sixth or seventh day a scarlet rash appears on the bonds, which 

 rapidly spreads over the whole of the body, and givo* 

 febrile irritation. The eruption is very irregular, sometimes being 

 smooth, but at others being papular, vesicular, pustular, or even furun- 

 culous. The symptom? gradually subside, leaving the patient with 

 some rheumatic stiffness, and feelings of weakness and mental < ! 

 sion. During the last epidemic at Calcutta the throat was sore, and 

 the articular symptoms were less obvious. 



The treatment of this disease consists simply in the palliation of the 

 symptoms. When the nervous irritability and pain are considerable, 

 then opium has been found of essential service. The disease might at 

 first sight be regarded as a mild form of scarlatina. Some of the 

 symptoms, however, are sufficiently characteristic. 



DENIER, from the Latin denarius, a French coin, originally of 

 silver. It continued in use, through different modifications, as long 

 as the old system of coinage in France lasted; that is, till 1795. Up 

 to that time, accounts were kept in France in livres of 20 sous or 

 240 deniers : they have been since kept in francs of 10 decimes, or 

 100 centimes. 



Under the kings of the first race the denier weighed twenty-one 

 grains; under the second race, and in the time of Charlemagne, 

 twenty-eight, and sometimes thirty groins; and under Charles the 

 Bald, thirty-two. At the commencement of the third race of French 

 kings the denier weighed twenty-three or twenty-four grains of fine 

 silver. Philip I. began the practice of mixing copper with the - 

 and it is in his time that we find the distinction first mode b. 



Ttmmmi and deniers Parisis, the latter being worth a fourth 

 part more than the former. By the time of St. Louis, 1226, the 

 denier had become so debased as to contain not more than six grains 

 and a half of silver ; which was probably the occasion of that mon 

 issuing a larger class of coins called grot deniers d'aryent. The 

 term denier was likewise afterwards applied to the gold money of 

 France. 



There were formerly current in France several little copper pieces, 

 which having no proper name, were distinguished only by their value 

 in deniers; such were the pieces of 86, 80, 24, 18, 12, 6, 4, and _' 

 deniers. The pieces of 4 and 2 deniers were coined at Straaburg, for 

 currency in the province of Alsace, pursuant to a declaration of the 

 iiih September, liiii.x Those of 6 denicrs were coined in the mi 

 Aix, Montpelier, Rochclle, Bourdeaux, and Nantes, by an edict i 

 in tlie month of October, 1709. 



The deniers coined toward the end of Louis XIII. were the work of 

 the famous Varin, and are much admired for their execution. 



(Le Blanc. ilix Mm, 'ranee, 4to, Paris, 



1690; I liter.) 



DENIZEN. Denizen seems originally t ih.u. natural-born 



. But now a dci ra, who ha* bean constituted 



an English subject by letters patent of deiiii-.-itioii, or by the certificate of 

 the secretary of state for the home <i i 7 & 8 Viet. c. ('>>' 



is in a kind of middle state between an alien and a i 



lie may take 1. < hasc, which an alien cannot ; but 



; it take by inheritance, for I 1 1 trough whom he must 



hi.- blond. The issue of a d 



born before d. inherit to him, but the issue born after 



may. A denixen cannot be a member of the privy council, or sit in 

 cither house of parliament, or hold any office of trust, civil or military, 



