DO! rOB, 



I and quantity M the 

 above U the general 



bargained to hav* thorn delivered in 

 eral, also, th* right of lirn 

 not made ay with by giving a dock-warrant or delivery- 



rulr. In gn*ral, alo, U. right of lira which the seller hM 



UP 1-iJ.r Wlu.t u 



Tit* wharfinger or wwlwuawnan i. liable to n action if be refuse* 

 to comply with Uw dock-warrant or delivery-order MM! hand over the 

 goods, provided b. has Mgnitird Ui. acquiescence in UM order when it 

 was brat pisxatnl to Uiui. or have accepted rent, Ac . or done any 

 other act io a* to hare assumed the character of wharfinger to the 

 I . 



Various statutes have been paiMd for the better protection of pemns 

 making advance* of money on good*. Ac., on the aeourity of documents 

 of title of thai kind, the U*t of which in the 6 & 6 Viet. c. 39 ; and see 

 t. c.lO, . Ki'. 



DOCTUK. one who ha taken the highest degree in the faculties of 

 Divinity, Law, Physic, or Music. In its original import it meoni a 

 penon M> akilled in his particular art or science ai to be qualified to 

 teach it. 



There i much difference of opinion a* to the time When the title of 

 Doctor WM firt created. It seems to have been established for t h,- 

 profesDors of the lioman law in the University of Bologna, about the 

 middle of the 12th century. Antony a Wood nays, that the tit!,- ,.i 

 Doctor in Divinity began at Paris, after Peter Lombard had compiled 

 hU Sentence*, about the year 1151. (' Hist, and Antiq. Univ. of 

 Oxford,' 4to. Oxf. 179'2, vol. i. p. 62.) Previously, those who had 

 proceeded in the faculties had been termed Matters only. The title of 

 Doctor was not adopted in the English Universities earlier than the 

 tone of John or Henry III. 



In Oxford the time requisite for the Doctor of Divinity's degree is 

 eleven years from the time of matriculation, or four years from the 

 time of proceeding B.A. Doctors of Civil Law, four years aft. 

 ceeding through Art*, or if intending to practise in the Ecclesiastical 

 Courts; if not, five years from the date of admission as B.C.L. 

 For the degree of M.D., three years must intervene from the time 

 of the candidate's having taken bin Bachelor of Medicine's degree. 

 For a Doctor's degree in Divinity or Law three distinct lectures ore 

 to be read in the schools, upon three different days : but by a dispen- 

 sation, first obtained in convocation or congregation, all three are per- 

 mitted to be read upon the same day ; so that by dispensation a single 

 day is sufficient in jHiint of time for these exercises. For a Doctor's 

 degree in Medicine, a dissertation upon some subject, to be approved 

 by the Professor of Medicine, must be publicly recited in the schools, 

 and a copy of it afterwords delivered to the Professor. The Uni- 

 versity fee on admission is 401. 



In Cambridge a Doctor of Divinity must be a Bachelor of Divinity 

 of five, or a M.A. of twelve years' standing. The requisite exercises 

 are one act, two opponencies, a Latin sermon, an English sermon, and 

 adeterminati"!!. A Ihictorof Laws must be a Bachelor of Laws of 

 five years' standing. HU exercises are two acts and one opponency. 

 Doctors of Medicine must be Bachelors of Medicine of five years' 

 gt.miinff or i M.A. of seven years' standing. The exercises are two 

 acts an^f one opponency. For the degree of D.D., the total fees are 

 61t; for LL.D., 25/. 10*. ; for M.D., 1. 111*. For a Doctor's degree 

 in music, in both Universities, the exercise required in the com- 

 position and performance of a solemn piece of music, to be approved 

 by the Professor of the Faculty. ('Oxf. and Camb. Calendars,' for 

 :- 



Coloured engravings of the dresses worn by the doctors of the 

 several faculties of Oxford and Cambridge will be found in Acker- 

 mann's ' History of the Univ. of Oxford,' 4to, 1814, vol. ii. ji. 2S9, et 

 aeq. ; and in his ' History of the Univ. of Cambridge,' 4to, 1816, vol. ii. 

 p. 812, et seq. 



I M.I T"i:s' COMMONS, the College of Civilians in London, near 

 St. Paul's Churchyard, founded by Dr. Harvey, Dean of the Arches, 

 for the professors of the civil law. The official residences of the judge 

 of the Arches' Court of Canterbury, of the judge of the Admiralty, 

 and the judge of the Prerogative Court of Canteilmry while it existed, 

 were situated there ; and it was the residence of the doctors of the 

 civil law practising in London, who live there (for diet and lodging) in 

 collegiate manner, and common together. Doctors' Comin 

 burnt down in the fin of London, and rebuilt at the charge of the 

 profession, whose modern representatives have been authorised to sell 

 the property. [Ancui, COURT OF.] 



I ii -I il-.'i AGON, a figure of twelve sides; a term generally applied 

 to an equiangular and equilateral (or regular) dodecagon. [lUoui.AB 



[Bourn, IiEori.AH.] 



.H^U.). An oleaginous acid, extracted from 



the oil of a species of sperm whale, ffaltnta rostrate (Danich bogling). 

 It solidifies at 02* Fahr. 



DOUK was the title of the first magistrate of the republic of \ 

 The first settlers on the islands of the lagune were governed by magis- 

 trates sBt frtim Padua. After Padua was devastated by the Huns and 

 other barbarians, AH. 468-00, the colonists of the lagune being left to 

 themselves, each island elected a magistrate called tribune. An annual 

 selection WM mad* of seven from among these tribunes, who consti- 

 tuted the government of the whole community. A council of forty 



DOGMA. M 



persons chosen by the general assembly of the people had the legis- 

 lative aad judicial powers. As population and wealth increased, and 

 the community was threatened by hostile neighbours, it was found 

 Mosawry to concentrate and strengthen the executive, and a chief 

 iagistralfi for life WM elected by the assembly of the people, and WM 

 called doge, a corruption of dux, as he WM also general of the armed 

 fore*. The first doge, Paolo Luca Anafosti, was elected in 7. UM 

 third doge in succession, Oreo Ippato, elected in 724, made war agates* 

 the Longobards, and took Kavenna, which he restored to the Byzantine 

 emperor, who, M a reward for this service, granted to the republic a 

 tract on the coast of the mainland M far south M the Adige, This 

 first continental possession of Venice, being afterward* enlarged, WM 

 called Dogado. The successes of Orso inspired the people with jealousy, 

 and he WM assoasinaUd in 7S7. The office of doge WM at the same 

 time abrogated, and an annual magistrate waa substituted ; but the 

 fifth of these WM imprisoned on some charge, and his eyes were put 

 out, after which the people again elected a doge for life in 742. From 

 that time till 1172 about forty doges ruled in succession, nearly one 

 half of whom died a violent death, or were deposed, exiled, or had then- 

 eyes put out, sometimes by regular trial before the council 01 

 and sometimes liy popular insurrection. Tin- Quarantia, M 

 Forty, which exercised the government during the interregna, assumed 

 by degrees the pow ng a doge, in order to put a stop to UM 



frequently recurring tumult and anarchy ; the choice, however, was 

 subject to confirmation by the assembly of the ].>];. The first doge 

 thus elected was Sebastiano Ziani, in 1178, ami the Forty ia<l 

 swear to a new constitution, or fundamental law, by which, instead of 

 the general assembly of the people, the sovereign power wu vested in 

 a great council of 480 citizens, elected for one year, but capable of 

 indefinite re-eleeti.m. These were chosen by twelve tribunes, t 

 each sestiere, or district, of the city of Venice alone, who were 

 selves appointed by the inhabitants of their respective districts, the 

 .ther i.-lauds and territories of the republic having no part in the 



-; each tribune naming forty members. The Great Council 

 was to appoint six individuals who were to be the doge's counsellors, 

 without whose concurrence no act of the doge should be valid. 

 council was afterwards called " la Signoria." In important cases the 

 doge was to consult with another council of sixty members, called 

 Pregadi, or "requested," taken also from the Great Council. The 



of Venice, weary of tumult, and being secured in the exclusive 

 right of furnishing the members of the Great or Sovereign Council, 

 seem to have willingly acquiesced in these constitutional changes, and 

 a distribution of golden pieces made by the new doge served to gratify 

 the populace. About a century after, another organic change took 

 place. Pietro Gradenigo being elected doge in 1289, by the influence 

 of the old or aristocratic families, proposed a law which passed the 

 Great Council in 1298 after much opposition and delay, that no one 

 should in future be eligible to ait in that assembly except those who 

 then had a Heat in it, or whose fathers, grandfathers, and great-grand- 

 fathers, had been members of it. The number of the members of the 

 Great Council was no longer limited to 480. Lastly, in 1319, a new 

 law passed the Great Council, liy which that assembly declared itself 

 permanent and hereditary, all the members who were then sitting in it 

 (about OOll in number) remaining for life in possesai"n ..I their seats, 

 their sons who were above twenty-five years of age being likewise ad- 

 mitted, and their descendants after them, to the exclusion of all other 

 families. This decree, known in history as " la serrate del maggior 

 consiglio," established an hereditary and exclusive aristocracy at Venice, 

 which lasted till the end of that republic. The celebrated Council of 

 Ten was also then appointed, which, though at first only nam- 

 two months, gradually appropriated all the power of the state. The 

 confirmation of the doge by the people was henceforth dispensed with. 

 The doge himself became merely a state pageant, the servant of the 

 I'oiincilx, which had the power of trying and deposing him, and even 

 sentencing him to death. They took away from him the command of 

 the military and naval forces, his children were excluded from every 

 office of state, and he had no patronage except the prebendal si 

 the cathedral of St. Mark. The doge was president by right of nil the 

 councils, with a double, or casting vote. He was simply addressed by 

 the title of Meaner Doge. ('Memori Yem-te ' .Ii (iiovanni Gallicioh, 

 Venice, 1826 ; Daru, ' Hutoire do Venise,' books 6 an. I 



The doges at Genoa were at first magistrates for life [BOOCAITKRA, in 

 Bioo. Div.J, as at Venice, but the frequent contentions anil 

 factions among the aspirants to that dignity induced Andrea Doria. in 

 his reform of 1528, to moke the office of doge to last only two years. 

 .. in llioo. Drv.] 



' 1 A < Sil-y^a), a word borrowed from the Greek, means an estab- 

 lished principle, a fundamental article of belief derived from undisputed 

 authority, and is generally applied to the essential doctrines of Christi- 

 anity wliieh are drawn iroin the Scriptures, or from the authority of 



Hence that branch ..f divii 



is an exposition and assertiosl of the various ai nstian 



faith as founded u]K>ri authority acknowledged by I us in general, 



and is distinguished n- m w houwtio theology, which assumes to estab- 

 lish the truth of the Christian doctrine* by argument. John Damasoenu* 

 WM one of the first who wrote an exposition .,) ( hristian dogmatics. 

 [DAMASCENES, in i Hut although the authority of the 



Hcripture* and of the early fathers is acknowledged by all Christians, 



