DOSATI8TS. 



DOR8TENIA. 



H 



j tht . if UHI donor die. the dooee shall bar* it, or thut the 

 thin* given bill be returned if the dooor hll turrire the danger 

 which h<- apprehend., or shall repent that be has made the gift ; or it 

 th* done, shall die before the donor.- In the Kngluh law it is nece* 

 nr to the validity of this gift that it be made by the donor with rela- 

 tion to hi. dying by the illm- which aflecU him at the tim f the 

 gift, but it take* eflect onlv in CMC he die of that illnrw. There moat 

 be a delivery of the thing itaelt to the donee ; but in OMB* where actual 

 transfer u bnpombk. a*, for iiwtance, goods of bulk deposited in a 

 warehouse, the delivery of the key of the warehouM is effectual A 

 dooatio mortis cauM parukw of the nature of a legacy so far as to be 

 liable to the debU of the dooor, and, by 36 Geo. Ilf , c. 62, a. 7, to the 

 legacy duty ; but a* it take* effect from the delivery, an.l n 

 testamentary act, it i* not within the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical 

 court, and neither probate nor administration is necessary, nor the 

 assent of the executor*, as in the case of a legacy. 



On the Roman donatio mortis cause, the reader may consult ' H.-in- 

 cecius;' and the hice.-t.' lib. zxxix., tit. 6. Aa to the Scotch law, 

 ee ' Krk. li.-; :.' lii<. iii.. tit 3, a. 01. 



M>ONATI>, iii Dioo. Drv.] 

 : ICE.] 



DOOMS. KAI.slNi; OF, a tenn of the old Scots law, somewhat 

 .umil.ir iti iin|Tt with appeal of false doom, or writ of false judgment 

 in tin- ln\v of England. A doom or judgment thus faUied or charged 

 with injustice, was of old taken from the bailies of burghs to the 

 court of Four-borough*, or from the court baron or freeholder's court 

 to the court of the sheriff, and from either to tin- jn<tic ayre, and 

 thence to the parliament. The proceeding lias long been obsolete. 



DOOR. The movable panel by means of which the space of 

 a paaaage or opening in a wall u closed, is technically known as a 

 door (from the Teutonic root Tlmr, or tlettr) ; and it may be executed 

 >'f various materials according to the purposes the opening itself is 

 intended to serve. There are bronze, stone, iron, and wooden doors : 

 and an infinite number of varieties of each of those descriptions of 



* 



len doors are those which are the most commonly used, and 

 therefore they are the ones it would be desirable to notice be: 

 others. They are either framed, or panelled ; or they consist of close, 

 or open, boarding, kept together by ledges, or by bracing. Panelled 

 doors are said to be square framed, moulded, bolection moulded, 

 bead Bush, or bead butt, according as they may be made to assume 

 either of those forms of framing [JOINERY]; and they may p> out 

 those characters on one or two fides, as the case may be. The simpler 

 boarded doors may either be composed of close, clamped boarding ; or 

 they may be lodged doorx, with merely the horizontal pieces required 

 to keep the boards in their places, and to receive the hinges ; or they 

 may be ledged and braced, with the horizontal ledges, which are 

 kept from warping, or deforming, by means of angular braces, Ledged 

 doors are usually cheaper than framed ones, and therefore are used for 

 commoner descriptions of buildings ; whilst the panelled doors, from 

 the fact of their being susceptible of receiving ornamental decoration, 

 are exclusively used in buildings of importance. In many cases the 

 more costly kinds of wood are used for doors, either solidly, or as 

 veneers; and of late years much attention has been paid to their 

 decoration, by means of the application of glass, porcelain, and other 

 costly furniture. [iBOmOBOKBT.] 



Iron doors are frequently used for the purpose of intercepting the 

 communication of tire, or for closing the entrances of strong rooms 

 or safe* ; and in such cases they are made to assume the general 

 character of the other doors in the building wherein they are placed. 

 Whatever appearance may be thus given to them, it is essential that 

 they chould have a double case ; and although cast-iron doors may in 

 some cases present a satisfactory degree of strength and durability, yet, 

 as a general rule, it is preferable to make the doors of strong rooms 

 entirely of wrought iron, especially where there may be any possible 

 danger from fire. 



Bronze doors are only used in the decoration of large public or 



ecclesiastical buildings ; and when so employed they are made to 



receive the highest description of artistic decoration. There are few 



specimens of this class of work in our own country ; but abroad they 



hare been frequently executed, as in the Pantb te, t! 



al gate* of the Baptistery of the Cathedral of Florence, by 



more recently in the doors of the Madelaine, and of the 



ehnr.h of St. Vincent de Paul, at Paris. 



. or marble doors have occasionally been executed in public 

 buildings, and especially in cemeteries ; but their great weight must 

 always constitute a serious objection to them. Some of the marble 

 gate* and doors of the Belgian churches may especially be referred to 

 a* illustrating this species of decoration; and tlie very remarkable 

 real and false stone doors of the tombs at Auani (figured in Toiler's 

 ' Asie Mmeuro '), may be cited as illustrations of the ancient practice in 

 such works. 



In describing the various kinds of doors, of whatsoever material 

 they may be composed, it is essential to olwerve that the following 

 names an applied. Doors may be real orfabt; they may be tit,,,!,-, or 

 doitbU ; auirc. or cut into two, or more, hatch'i ,- and again . 

 j'idin'j i or if divided from top to bottom they may be in one or more 

 Itara; whilst a small door formed in part of a larger one is called a 



A trap door is one which closes a horizontal opening; ajti 

 door is one which closes a vertical opening so as to conceal the 1 

 a Hting door is one which, not being stopped by the rebate of the door- 

 frame, is able to pas* over more than the quadrant of revolution of 

 ordinary doors ; and roUmg, or tlidutg doors are those which move 

 laterally upon roller* or runner*, so a* to avoid their development into 

 the rooms they are intended to close. 



On many occasion*, it may be added, wooden doors were very 

 elaborately carved ; as in the case of the doors of St. Haclou, of Rouen, 

 carved by Jean Goujon. 



DOORWAY. An opening in the walls or partitions of a building, 

 by means of which access U obtained from one part thereof to another, 

 and which is closed by a door ; and it is on this account that a door 

 differs from a KiWotr, which U an opening made for the purpose of 

 receiving light only. A doorway differs again from a gateway in this 

 respect, namely, that the former U made in a wall, which is under any 

 circumstances carried above it ; whilst a gateway is formed in an in- 

 closure, or railing, or fence, which does not exceed the height of the 

 movable panel by which the gateway itself is closed. Habitually 

 the term doorway i* specially applied to the opening* in houses, or 

 puMic buildings ; that of gateways to those of fence railings. 



In doorways the sides, or the jambi, and the head or Until, are fre- 

 quently made the subjects of the most elaborate ornamental decora- 

 tion, and much of the architectural expression of a building depends 

 on the manner in which this detail is treated. In Greek, Hindoo. 

 Egyptian, and Assyrian architecture, the doorways are alm< 

 variably executed with straight lintels; and from the remains of the 

 tombs of Lycia it would ap]>ear that this mode of treating the door 

 openings was founded upon the original practice of the builders in 

 wood, for the trabeated character of those openings is manifestly copied 

 from the ancient log cabins, which must have surrounded the artists 

 who designed those remarkable sepulchres. In the Roman, and the 

 Byzantine, Saracenic, and Gothic styles, however, doorways were fre- 

 quently, and latterly exclusively, made with arched openings, modified 

 in each cose by the spirit of the rest of the design, and by the purpose 

 for which the building was intended, or by the description of door to 

 be used. Thus, a doorway in the inclosure wall of a town would be 

 provided with a portcullis as an additional defence, and therefore 

 would have deep reveals; the doorways of ordinary buildings would 

 simply be modified according to whether the doors were in one or two 

 leaves, or whether they opened inwardly, outwardly, or were hung on 

 rollers. 



Constructively the most important considerations with respect to 

 doorways are, firstly, those relating to the power of the jambs, on 

 which the doors are hung, to resist the action of the revolving weight, 

 and the jar arising from the abrupt closing of the door ; and, secondly, 

 those relating to the power of the lintel to resist the superincumbent 

 pressure, and to maintain the jambs in their vertical positions. It in 

 in order to secure the latter condition, also, that door cil/s, or trans- 

 verse stiffening pieces, are introduced at the feet of the jambs. V.ry 

 frequently the strain is removed from the lintel by means of what is 

 called a discharging arch ; and in many cases this contrivance is mode 

 to add considerably to the picturesque effect of a doorway, by the 

 application of polychromic materials. 



The sizes of doorways are visually made in England from 7 feet 8 

 inches high by 3 feet 6 inches wide, to 8 feet 6 inches by 4 feet 6 inches 

 for external doors ; 7 feet by 3 feet is the usual size for internal doors, 

 and 6 feet 9 inches by 2 feet 10 inches is the minimum size adopted 

 in such cases. The minimum size of folding doors is from 8 feet 6 

 inches to 9 feet high, by from 5 feet 6 inches to 6 feet wide ; these di- 

 ns, however, may be increased to almost any extent to suit the 

 size of the rooms. 



The best illustrations of doorways ore to be found in the works of 

 Professor Donaldson, ' Doorways from Ancient and Modern Buildings ; ' 

 Tender's ' Armenie,' and his ' Asie Mineure.' 



DORADO (constellation), the sword-fish, a constellation of Bayer, 

 situated in the southern hemisphere, and cut nearly in half by a line 

 joining a Argus and a Eridani. The principal stars are as follows : 



No, in Catalogue 



No. In Catalogue of r.i m-h 



Character. of Lacaille. Astocinlion. Mapnitu In. 



7 327 133] 4 



a 356 1438 3 



436 1791 4 



DORIC ORDER. [GKEEK ARCHITECTURE.] 



DOIiSTl'NlA. a gftuiH of plants of the family of tl>. 



The roota of several s]iccieH of this genus, natives of Mexico, New 



Spain, and some M. t Indian islands, are all confounded under the 



appellation of C'ontraycrva root, but as they all possess nearly the 



same chemical composition ami propertiiH, it is of little importance 



which particular Hptcim yields what is used. Indeed, by the time the 



hi',- Ki.i'opi-. whatever vii tucs it originally jHwucwed are lost, so 



that it has .- .-eni-iW<- M> ' v ' TV little etleet on the 



system. It consists of'v M.lst.u.h. The first of 



these gives it sonn nervous system, should it not have 



been dissipai H mce it is recommended in the low stage* 



r, especially of children ; but serpentaria root may at all times 



