Dowm 



DRAGON'S BLOOD. 



61 



hall remain in the chief boon of her husband for forty day* after hi* 

 dMth, during which time br dotrar ahall be a^gned. The particular 

 land, and herwUtamenta to be held in dower mu*t be aligned by the 

 hrir of U buabaad. or hi* guardian, by mete* and bouud. if divisible 

 otherwiae specially, a. of tie third pre-ntation to a benefice, 4c If 

 the heir or hi* guardian do not a*ngn, or avign unfairly, the widow 

 ha* her remedy at law, and the abetifT U appointed to assign her dower ; 

 or by bill in equity, which ha. long been the usual remedy. 



4. o rfowr My if tarra* tr frtraUtd. A womanu barred of her 

 dower by toe attainder of her huaband for treason, by her own 

 attainder for trmnn. or felony, by divorce A rtnrv/0 M<t/n'mnt'i, by 

 rioptmm* from her huaband and living with her adulterer, by detain- 

 infthetiUe-deed* from the heir at law, until ahe restores them, by 

 .ifo-.ti/^i of the land* aasigned her for a greater estate than she has 

 in them ; and abe wight alao be barred of her dower by levying a fine, 

 or suffering a recovery during her marriage, while those assurances 

 existed. But the most uaual means of barring dower are by jointures, 

 made under the provision* of the 27 H . \ 1 1 1 . c. 10; and by the 

 act of the husband. Before the stat of Will. IV., a fine or recovery by 

 the huaband and wife was the only mode by which a right to dower 

 whk-h had alrtady attacked could be barred, though, by means of a 

 simple form of conveyance, a husband might prevent the right to 

 dower from arising at all upon lands purchaaed by him. By the above- 

 mentioned statute, it is provided that no woman shall be entitled to 

 dower out of any lands absolutely disposed of by her husband either 

 in hi* life or by will, and that his debts and engagements shall be 

 valid and effectual as against the right of the widow to dower. And 

 further, that any declaration by the husband, either by deed or will, 

 that the dower of his wife shall be subjected to any restrictions, or 

 that she shall not have any dower, shall be effectual It u alao pro- 

 vided that a simple devise of real estate to the wife by the husband 

 shall, unless a contrary intention be expressed, operate in bar of her 

 dower. As to the law of dower in the United States of America, see 

 vol. iv. Kent's ' Commentaries.' 



DOWNS. [DUXES.] 



DOXOLOOY, a form of giving glory to God, from the Latiu cfaro- 

 logia, and that from the Greek doxa (ttfyi), glory, and Ingot (\6yos), a 

 word or saying. The doxology in the concluding paragraph of the 

 Lord's Prayer, " Thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory," 

 i* left out of many of the ancient copies of St. Matthew's Gospel, 

 though it appears in others ; St. Luke omits it entirely. The authen- 

 ticity of this form of praise, as a paragraph of the prayer, has been a 

 difficult subject of dispute. It does not appear in the Vulgate, but it 

 seems to be established by the Greek MS8. and the Eastern versions. 

 Doxology is also used for the verse used in the Common Prayer, from 

 Luke ii. 14, " Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good 

 will to all men ; " and for the short hymn, Gloria Patri, which we use 

 in our church service at the end of every psalm, and of every hymn 

 except Te Drum, which is a doxology of itself. Durand and other 

 writers consider this exception to have been introduced into the 

 Romish church by St. Jerome. The first express mention of it is in 

 the second council of Vaison, A.D. 629. Amongst the early Christians 

 it was always considered as a solemn profession of their belief in the 

 Trinity. 



DRACHM. [DBAM.l 



DRACHMA, from the Greek drachm* (tpdxtai), a silver coin, the 

 unit of the Greek coinage. The value of the drachma varied in the 

 different provinces of Greece : though it was the chief coin in use 

 among the Greeks. A talent contained 10,000 drachma; reckoned by 

 weight, but a talent of gold was worth 120,000 silver drachma!. The 

 didrachm or two drachms, the tridrachm or three drachms, and the 

 tetradrachm or four drachms, were its multiples. The last was the 

 largest form of Greek silver. The average weight of five drachma" in 

 the British Museum is 60-92 grains ; and the average weight of three 

 tetradrachma; in the British Museum is 260'56 grains. The Attic 

 drachma has been supposed to have been the same among the Greeks 

 with the denarius among the Romans : others have disputed this ; 

 but both may be reconciled by the consideration that the number of 

 drachma, a* well as of denarii, which went to the ounce, might have 

 been subject to occasional variations. 



Drachma. 

 British Museum. Actual ilcr. Sllror. Weight, Ol/. grains. 



DRACINA, the name given by Mvlnndri to the colouring-matter oi 

 dragon's blood, and which he supposed to he a vegetable alkaloid ; but 

 Benelius and Herberger are of opinion that it does not possess alkaline 

 properties: the last-mentioned chemist, indeed, call* this colouring- 

 matter tlrartmi*, and he considers it to posaeiis rather nub-acid proper- 

 tied ttr uch as denote alkalinity. 



DRACO (the dragon), one of the old constellations, referred by 

 Hyginus to the fable of the Hesperide*. It is constantly stated by 

 the older writer* a* being placed between Una Major and Ursa Minor, 

 which hardly suite the present position of the constellation, since its 

 principal stars are all contained between Una Minor, Cepheua, Cygnus, 

 and Hercules. The two stars in the bead (0 and 7, the latter cele- 

 brated a* passing very near the lenith of the south of England, and a* 

 being the one uaed in the discovery of aberration [BRADLEY, Bloc. Div.l) 

 are nearly in the line joining n Cygni (Deneb) and Arcturus; while 

 even or eight smaller stars wind round Ursa Minor in such a manner 

 a* to render the name of the constellation not unappropriate. The 

 extreme star (A) is very nearly between the pole star and its pointers. 

 [URSA MAJOR.] The principal stars are as follows : 



No. in Catalogue 



No. In Catalogue of BrlUih 



Character. of Planutetd. Association. Magnitude. 



A 1 3914 3-5 



1 



A 



; 

 



y 



\ 



TT 



r 



IT 



5 



11 



12 

 13 

 14 

 15 

 21 

 U 

 23 

 28 

 32 

 33 

 44 

 67 

 68 

 60 

 61 



MM 



M 7 

 5348 

 6512 

 5546 

 5785 

 5823 

 6937 

 6006 

 6079 

 6091 

 6302 

 8618 



I,-, i .'2 



6650 

 B7M 



3-5 



3-5 



3 



3 



3 



4 



4 



3 



2-5 



4 



3-5 



2 



4- 



3 



4 



4-5 



4 



DRACONIC ACID. [ANISIC ACID.] 



DRACONIN, the dracina above mentioned, may be obtained, ac- 

 cording to Melandri, by macerating dragon's blood in water acidulated 

 with sulphuric acid : this becomes of a yellow colour, but does not act 

 upon the draconin, which is of a fine red colour, and very fusible ; it 

 may be worked between the fingers, and drawn into threads. It melte 

 at about 130 ; on solidifying it becomes of a crimson colour, and when 

 triturated gives a cinnabar red colour. It dissolves readily in alcohol, 

 and the solution, which is of a fine red, becomes yellow on the addition 

 of an acid ; but on the addition of an alkali the red colour is restored. 

 It does not appear to have been analysed. 

 DRACONYL. [STYROL.] 

 DRACYL. [TOLDINE.] 



DRAGOMANS, or DROGOMANS (from the Turkish TVuAVwunt) ; 

 the term by which the interpreters attached to the European consulates 

 and embassies in the Levant are known. At Constantinople they are 

 the chief, and in most canes the sole medium of communication between 

 Christian ambassadors, who ore ignorant of the Turkish language, and 

 the Ottoman Porte ; several are attached to every embassy, and the 

 consuls in the Turkish dominions generally have one. They are men 

 born in the country, and are chiefly descended from old Genoese or 

 Venetian settlers. Their local interests and sympathies have often 

 interfered with their duties ; and though there have been honourable 

 exceptions, they are not distinguished as a body for honour and in- 

 tegrity. Austria and France, however, have the privilege of appointing 

 one of their own subjects to the office. The French, as early as the 

 time of Louis XIV., instituted a small body of young men, technically 

 called Jeuna de languc, who were sent to the country to learn the 

 language and acquaint themselves with its laws and customs; and 

 Austria maintains an Oriental academy at Constantinople, to enable 

 young men to qualify themselves. The dragomans and their families 

 enjoy the protection of the nations whom they serve, and are exempted 

 from Turkish law. 



DRAGON'S BLOOD, the produce of various species of Calamus, is 

 sent to Europe in several forms. 1. Dragon's blood in tears (sanguis 

 D. in lachrymis) ; 2. Dragon's blood in grains (S. D. in granis) ; 

 3. Dragon's blood in reeds (S. D. in baculis), in rods about 1 to 1J feet 

 long, about the thickness of the finger, covered with the fronds of the 

 palm, wrapped round it with split branches. This is the best kind 

 now met with in European commerce. 



Many other kinds of dragon's blood are procured from different trees 

 in various parts of the world, of which two only are worthy of notice : 

 1. Dragon's blood in masses, obtained both in the East Indies and 

 Madeira by wounding the stem of the Dracaena. Draco (Linn.), occurs 

 in large shapeless masses of a violet colour. 2. S. D. de Cartbagena, 

 American or West Indian dragon's blood, obtained fn>m the Plerocarpiu 

 Draco (Linn.). It occurs in pieces about 12 or 14 inches long, with a 

 sharp angle on one side, partly wrapped up in the tendrils of a ciasus 

 and in leaves. Dragon's blood is a peculiar resinous colouring prin- 

 ciple (Draconia), mixed with benzoic acid and other matters. It i 

 insoluble in water, but easily soluble in alcohol, especially when boiling; 

 it is also soluble in watery solutions of the caustic alkalies, and forms 

 with tlu-ni a violet-coloured solution ; it is less soluble in cth< 



