I'H'AT, MIV.v 



nuEi 



perm as well a for the fin*, we should in Uit case have also 

 or ratlMr tapMon, nmng that to the Greek ear /on wa* a more 

 In too third 





the dual <<* might well 



I a plural, a* the oldest form' of that penon in the singular 

 give* a anffix li, ati ; and thi*. with the plural termination n, would 

 produce a syllable which might readily take the same shape a* the 



In the noun* the MOM analogy prevails. The nominative* and 

 genitive* of the dual and plural differ no more than might be expected 

 in two dialect* : in thedative, the difference oooiut* in the one number 

 having a final ..the other an.,- while the accusative dual has lost the 

 final sigma, a fate common enough with that letter in the Greek 

 language, a* may be awn even in the plural nominative*, mouai, loyoi, 

 which the analogy of the other declensions prove* to have once possessed 

 that letter. We have already seen an example of the same loss in the 

 second penon plural of the verb. Similarly in the Lithuanian from 

 JMSM " master," we have a pi. ac. jKmii>,dual ac. ponu ; pi. dat. pfaimi, 

 dual dat. ptntm. In the pronoun*, again, the same confusion of tl,.- 

 two numbers prevails. Thus the Greek dual of the pronoun / con- 

 tains the very same dement, no, which in the Latin is appropriated to 

 the plural 



In the Gothic verb the same principle may be traced. A specimen 

 may be seen in the second person dual which has the suffix, It, a form 

 more closely approaching the old plural suffix lit, which has been 

 above mentioned, than even the (A, which is the suffix of the same 

 penon in the plural. 



Again in the Lithuanian, while the first person plural of the verb, 

 which ends in me, has derived that suffix from the older form mat, or 

 ma, the dual of the same penon ends in ra, which has a strong re- 

 semblance to our plural we, while the plural and dual of the second 

 penon have for suffixes respectively tc and la, both originating in an 

 earner tat or let. The same observation applies to the Sanscrit verb of 

 the Pansmaipadam form of the potential and imperative moods, and 

 of the preterit* called by Bopp " Prateritum augiuentatum uniforme 

 et multiforme." The terminations of the first persons of the dual and 

 plural respectively in the present of the Panamaipadam are teat and 

 Mat ; of the second and third persona dual respectively, that and lea ; 

 and of the aeoond person plural, tha. 



If it be admitted then that the dual in its origin was not confined 

 to the notion of two, it remains to consider how that notion was 

 supendded. Perhaps the following may not be an unreasonable con- 

 jecture. In many countries there are two or more dialects co-existing, 

 one among the educated and in towns, which we may call the language 

 of books ; the other, the older and more natural language of the dis- 

 trict, not yet wholly supplanted by the former. In the places of public 

 meeting, whether for religious or political purposes, the dialect which 

 happens to belong to the more educated class will prevail, while the 

 other, a* genuine, though not so fortunate a dialect, will still maintain 

 its ground by the fireside. The former will be addressed to hundreds, 

 the Utter commonly to one or two individuals. Hence the colloquial 

 and familiar dialect of the cottage may well be borrowed by even the 

 public speaker when speaking of two persons ; and thus the notion of 

 duality, which at first was only accidentally united with a certain suffix, 

 become* in the end the inseparable and essential meaning thereof. 

 Something parallel to this may be seen in the double forms of the 

 BngtiA verb to be. While am, art, it, are honoured by the favour of 

 ' the learned, the unlearned still retain, and with as good a title, the 

 genuine form* be, bat, bet, or be. These are both indicatives, yet it is 

 already a common practice to look upon the latter set of forms an con- 

 stituting a subjunctive. Of course what has been here said does not 

 apply to forms in which a visible representation of the idea " two " 

 present* itself, as in the Lithuanian frit/it, " these two," from la, " this," 

 aum/K, " those two," from an, " that." 



An interesting discussion by William HnnilMil.lt on the dual is 

 printed in the ' Transactions of the Academy of Sciences of Berlin,' for 

 the year 1827 (' Abhandlungen der historich-philologischen Klasse der 

 Konigliehen Academic der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,' aus dem Jalir 

 . 161-107), to which we refer our readers, though the views 

 explained in that essay differ from those of the present article. 

 IHVATOON. [MoSET.1 



DUCTILITY is that property of bodies, and more especially of 

 certain metals, in virtue of which they can be drawn out in length, 

 while their diameter i* [diminished without any actual fracture or 

 solution of continuity ; in other words, it is upon this property that 

 the wire-dnwing of metals depends. The following is given in most 

 chemical book* a* the order of ductility of the metals which posses* 

 the property in the highest degree ; that of the first-mentioned being 

 the greatest: gold, lilrrr, platinum, mm, copper, zinc, 'in, l><i<l, nitbel, 

 palladium, cadmium. Thi* list would appear to require revision, and 

 it would 1-- very desirable to be able so to represent the ductility of 

 the various metal* numerically. In the wire trade considerable con- 

 fusion exist* in the gauge, that used in Birmingham for iron wire 

 differing from that used for gold, silver, ftc., while both differ from 

 the IsiiMaslilin gauge- for round steel wire. What is wanted is a 

 scientific inquiry for the purpose of determining the order and amount 

 of ductility of the various metal*. In our best book* on chemistry 

 the statement* are loose, and unsatisf acton-. Thus in Gmelius, ' II .n. I 

 book of Chemistry,' (Cavendish Society'* Translation), it is stated (vi. 



204) that yoW is the most ductile of the metals, because it can be 

 hammered int.. leave* sffs. th of an inch in thickness, thus confound 

 ing malleability and ductility, which are different properties. It -. 

 further stated, that one grain of gold may be made to cover 

 square inches ; or be drawn into a wire 500 fc.-t in length. In like 

 i*mner it in stated that filter can be beaten out into leave* 0-00001 

 inch in thickness ; while one grain of the metal can be drawn into a 

 <<> feet in length. On referring however to t the dm- 



tility is at once ascertained, because Dr. Wollaston has fin 

 accurate data on the subject Platinum alone can be drawn 

 wn-e t!. tn "f an '"h >n thickness, but when protected by 

 enclosed in a ,-ilver wire, it may be gradually reduced to gjath of an 

 inch in thickness, but in such case the -wire is not coherent in long 

 pieces.* The circumstance that silver is soluble, in nitric iu. 

 platinum not, allows this artifice to be practised, for after having 

 the comjioiin'l wire to ita extreme limit, the silver can bo wasbeil 

 lu'tric acid, leaving its central core of platinum thus 

 reduced. In the above list, a low degree of ductility is gr. 

 palladium, which is clearly wrong, for the lat. 

 metal to be somewhat less ductile than platinum. Both platini:. 

 palladium can be rolled out into thin leaves or foil, but their mallea- 

 bility is very inferior to that of gold and silver, and < 

 Copper and iron are said to be capable of being drawn out into very t Inn 

 wire ; sheet iron has been produced the sdjnth of an inch in thickness. 

 Between the temperatures of 100 and 150 s , zinc may be extend 

 thin plates and wires, heat being required to get rid of th.- crystal- 

 line texture. Tin cannot be drawn into fine wires, but ,.//,/ may be 

 hammered either cold or hot into plates j.'.-.th of an inch in thickness, 

 and drawn out into wires th of an inch in diameter. 1 t 

 also, that cadmium is wrongly placed, since it can be easily beaten out 

 into thin plates, or drawn into wires, whereas tin cannot be drawn into 

 a fine wire. Hence it appears that although the malleability and 

 ductility of metals are connected, they are not always in the same 

 proportion ; iron, for example, though very ductile, cannot be beaten 

 into very thin lamina;. The difference between ductility ami mallea- 

 bility has been ascribed to the figure and arrangement of the ] 

 of the metals ; the malleable metals may be conceived t 

 small plates, and the ductile metals of minute fibres placed b. 

 over each other; the one slide by their flat surfaces, the ot! 

 and exert an adhesion from one extremity to the other. [ 



DBAWINci.] 



] in.-t ility is not confined to the metals. Glaa at a red heat possesses 

 the property in a remarkable degree. II a rod of glass be heated at 

 the enameller'a lamp, and a portion of it drawn out and attached to a 

 wheel, which is then to be turned rapidly, it will be encircled by a 

 number of coils of very fine glass thread with an elliptical section, 

 one diameter being three or four times larger than the other. The 

 flexibility of these fibres is almost equal to those of the .- 

 which is also a good instance of ductility. Certain clays mixed with 

 water also form a ductile mass. Hand-spun yarnt often present 

 threads surprisingly fine and perfect, some flax-yarns in the Great 

 Exhibition of 1851 being what are technically known as 1200's mrp, 

 and 1600's weft. 



DUELLING. The rise of the practice of duelling is to be n-; 

 to the trial by battle which obtained in early ages, jointly with the 

 single combat or tournament of the age of chivalry, which again most 

 probably owed its own existence to the early trial by battle. The 

 trial by battle, or duel (as it was also called), was resorted to, in 

 accordance with the superstitious notions of the time, as a sure means 

 of determining the guilt or innocence of a person charged with a 

 or of adjudicating a disputed right. It was thought that God took 

 care to see that, in every case, innocence was vindicated and i 

 observed. The trial by battle was introduced into England l>y William 

 the Conqueror, and established in three coses ; namely, in the court- 

 martial or court of chivalry, in appeals of felony, and in civil cases 

 upon issue joined in a writ of right. Once established as a mode 

 of trial, the duel was retained after the superstition which hod 

 given rise to it had died away, and was resorted to for the pm- 

 pose of wreaking vengeance, or gaining reputation by tin 

 courage. Then come the age of chivalry, with its worship of pin 

 and personal prowess, its tilts and tournaments, and the duel, origi- 

 nally a mode of trial established by law, become in time (what it 

 now is) a practice dependent on fashion or certain conventional 

 of honour. 



It is on instance of the length of time for which abused and iin- 



In Moscley's 'Illustration* of Mechanics' (1839), tho finest platinum wire 

 is ld to bo , u ^m-,|th of an inch In diameter, which i> evidently a clerical 

 blunder, or a printer's mistake, in putting two ciphers too many. Yet we find 

 this mistake repeated In Dr. Golding Bird's Natural Philosophy ' (1894), and, 

 as if to remove all doubt In the matter, the fraction, which we hare no means of 

 measuring, Is printed In words Instead of figure*. " Tho finest of these wires is 

 but one three-millionth of an inch in diameter, and 140 of them placed together 

 would just equal in thlckne a single flbrc of silk." It Is remarkable that this 

 statement is given on the high authoiity of Dr. Wollaston, when it will be seen, 

 ..n rc-l.Tring to his paper contained in the 1'hil. Trans.' (1813, p. 114), that his 

 finest platinum wire did not exceed ^,| u ,th of an inch in diameter. 



