MI; 



W-KK. 







adjiutment of a differ- 



, if convicted oetor* general eourtmartial, to be 

 as the ooiirt may award. 



cashiered, or I 



i In the event of an officer being brought to a court-martial for 

 having acted m a second in a duel, if it shall appear that such officer 

 had strenuoualy exerted himself to effect an adjustment of the differ- 

 ence on term* nnneawrnt with the honour of both parties, and shall 

 have failed through the unwillingness of the advene parties to accept 

 term* of honourable accommtxlation, then our will and pleasure is, 

 that such officer shall suffer such punishment as the court may award. 



& We hereby declare our approbation of the conduct of all those 

 who, having had the misfortune of giving offence to, or injured or 

 insulted others, shall frankly explain, apologise, or offer redress for the 

 UM; or who, having had the misfortune of receiving offence, injury, 

 or insult from another, shall cordially accept frank explanations, 

 apology, or redress for the same ; or who, if such explanations, apology, 

 or redress are refused to be made or accepted, shall submit the matter 

 to be dealt with by the commanding officer of the regiment or detach- 

 ment, fort, or garrison; and we accordingly acquit of disgrace, or 

 opinion of disadvantage, all officers and soldiers who, being willing to 

 make or accept such redress, refuse to accept challenges, as they will . .nly 

 have acted as is suitable to the character of honourable men, and have 

 dona their duty as good soldiers, who subject themselves to discipline. 



DUET (Duetto, Ital. from Duo), a musical composition for either 

 two voices or two instruments. According to the Padre Martini, the 

 duo is a vocal composition in the severe ecclesiastical style, without 

 any kind of accompaniment ; the dud to, or diminutive of duo, one 

 written more freely, in a lighter manner, and admitting accompaniment. 

 The older word is now, however, become obsolete. 



DUKE, the title given to those who are in the highest rank of 

 nubility in England. The order is not older in England than the reign 

 of King Edward III. Previously to that reign those whom we now 

 call the nobility consisted of the barons, a few of whom were earls. 

 Neither baron nor earl was in those days, as now, merely a title of 

 honour ; the barons were the great tenants in chief, and the earls im- 

 portant officers. It does not appear that in England there was ever 

 any office or particular trust united with the other titles of nobility, 

 viscount, marquis, and duke. They seem to have been from the be- 

 ginning merely honorary distinctions. They were introduced into 

 England in imitation of our neighbours on the Continent. Abroad, 

 however, the titles of duke and marquis had been used to designate 

 persons who had political power, and even independent sovereignty. 

 The czar was Duke of Russia or Muscovy. There were the Dukes of 

 Saxony, Burgundy, and Aquitaine : persons with whom the earls of 

 this country would have ranked, had they been able to maintain as 

 much independence of the king as did the dukes on the Continent of 

 the Germanic or Gallic confederacy. 



The English word duke is from the French due, which originally 

 was used to signify " a man of the sword (a soldier) and of merit who 

 led troops." The remote origin is the Latin dux, a "guide," or a 

 " military commander." The word is used by the Latin writers to 

 signify generally any one who has military command, but sometimes 

 " dux," a* on inferior officer, is contrasted with " imperator," com- 

 mander in thief. Under the Lower Empire, dux was the title of a 

 provincial general, who had a command in the provinces. In the time 

 of Constantino there were thirty-five of these military commanders 

 stationed in different parts of the empire, who were all duces or dukes, 

 because they had military command. Ten of these dukes were also 

 honoured with the title of comtes [COUNT], or counts. (Gibbon, ' De- 

 cline and Fall,' Ac., cap. 17.) 



The German word Henog, which corresponds to our duke, signifies 

 " a leader of an army." 



The first person created a duke in England was Edward, Prince of 

 Wale*, commonly called the Black Prince. He was created Duke of 

 Cornwall in parliament, in 1335, the eleventh year of King Edward III. 

 In 1350, Henry, the king's cousin, was created Duke of Lancaster, and 

 when he died, in 1361, his daughter and heir having married John of 

 Gaunt, the king's son, he was created Duke of Lancaster, his elder 

 brother Lionel being mode at the same time Duke of Clarence. The 

 two younger sons of King Edward III. were not admitted to this high 

 dignity in the reign of their father : but in the reign of Richard II., 

 their nephew Edmund was made Duke of York, and Thomas, Duke of 

 Gloucester. 



The dignity was thus at the beginning kept within the circle of 

 those who were by blood very nearly allied to the king, and we know 

 not whether the creation of the great favourite of King Richard H.. 

 Robert Vere, Earl of Oxford, Duke of Ireland, and Marquis of Dublin, 

 is to be regarded ae an exception. Whether, properly speaking, an 

 English dignity or an Irish, it had but a short endurance, the earl 

 being so created in 1385, and attainted in 1388. 



The persons who were next admitted to this high dignity were of 

 the families of Holland and Mowbray. The former of these was half- 

 l.i lii.-r to King Richard II. ; and the latter was the heir of Margaret, 

 the daughter and heir of Thomas dc Brother-ton, a younger son of 

 King Edward I., which Margaret was created Duchess of Norfolk in 

 This WM the beginning of the dignity of Duke of Norfolk, 

 which still dint*, though there have been several forfeitures and tem- 

 porary extinctions. Next to them, not to mention sons or brothers 



of the reigning king, the title was conferred on one of the Ben \ 

 an illegitimate ion of John of Gaunt, who was create) l.y King H,-m y 

 ke of Exeter. John llenufort, another of this family, was made 

 Duke of Somerset l.y K ini; Henry VI. 



In the reign of llm rv \ 1 . the title was granted more widely. There 

 were at one time ten duchesses in his court. The families to whom 

 the dignity was granted in this reign were the Stafford*. Beauchamps, 

 and De la Poles. In 1470, under the reign of Edward IV.. < 

 Nevil was made Duke of Bedford, but he was soon deprived of tin- 

 title, and Jasper Tudor was made Duke of Bedford by his m-|. ],. 

 King Henry VII. in the year of his accession. 



King Henry VIII. created only two duke*, and both were persons 

 nearly connected with himself ; one was his own illegitimate son, whom 

 he made Duke of Richmond, and the other was Charles Brandon, who 

 had married the French queen, his sister, and who was made by him 

 Duko of SnllMk. King Edward VI. created three dukes; hix 

 Edward Seymour, the Protector, Duke of Somerset (from whom tl>.- 

 present Duke of Somerset derives his descent, and, by reversal of .in 

 attainder, his dignity), Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk, and John Dudley, 

 Duke of Northumberland. 



Queen Elizabeth found on her accession only one duke, Thomas 

 Howard, Duke of Norfolk, attainder or failure of male issue having 

 extinguished the others. He was an ambitious nobleman, ami .1 

 to marry the Queen of Scotland. Kli/:il.eth became jealous of him : In- 

 was convicted of treason, beheaded, and his dignity extinguish- .1 in 

 1572; and from that time there was no duke in the English peerage 

 except the sons of King James I., till 1623, when Ludovick Stuart, 

 the king's near relative, was made Duke of Richmond, which honour 

 soon expired. In 1627, George Villiers was created Duke of Bucking- 

 ham, and he and his son were the only dukes in England till t!. 

 wars, when another of the Stuarts was made Duke of Richmond, and 

 the king's nephew, best known by the name of Prince Rupert, Duke 

 of Cumberland. 



In the first year after the return of Charles II. from exile, he 

 restored the Seymours to their rank of Dukes of Somerset, and a 

 Monk, the great instrument of his return, Duke of Albemarl.'. In 

 16G8, he began to introduce his illegitimate issue into the peerage 

 under the title of duke, his son James being made in that year Duke 

 of Monmouth. In 1664, he restored to the Howards the title of Duko 

 of Norfolk ; and in 1665 he created a Cavendish, who had held a high 

 military command in the civil war, Duke of Newcastle. In 1682, he 

 created the Marquis of Worcester Duke of Beaufort. As for the rest 

 the dignity was granted only to issue of the king or to their mother.. 

 The only duke created by King James II. was the Duke of Berwick, 

 his natural son. 



Of the families now existing, beside those who are descended from 

 King Charles II., only the Howards, the Seymours, and the Somersets 

 date their dukedoms from before the Revolution. The existing duke- 

 doms originally given by Charles II. to his sons are Grafton, Richmond. 

 and St. Albaus. To the Duke of Richmond Charles granted letters 

 patent which entitled him to a tonnage duty on coal. In 171)9 this 

 duty was commuted for an annuity of 19,000/. a year. The Duke ..( 

 Grafton is still paid a pension of 58437. a-year out of the Excise 

 revenue, and 3407/. out of the Post-office revenue. The Du 

 St. Albans is Hereditary Grand Falconer of England. Under King 

 William and Queen Anne several families which had previously enjoyed 

 the title of earls were advanced to dukedoms, as Paulet Duke of Bolton, 

 Talbot Duke of Shrewsbury, Osborne Duke of Leeds, Russell Duke of 

 Bedford, Cavendish Duke of Devonshire, Holies Duke of Newcastle, 

 Churchill Duke of Marlborough, Sheffield Duke of Buckinghamshire, 

 Manners Duke of Rutland, Montagu Duke of Montagu, Douglas Duke 

 of Dover, Gray Duke of Kent, Hamilton Duke of Brandon ; besides 

 members of the royal family and Marshal Schomberg, who was made 

 an English peer as Duke of Schomberg. This great accession gave an 

 entirely new character to the dignity. King George I., besides the 

 dukedoms in his own family, made Bertie Duke of Ancaster, I'i.-rn- 

 point Duke of Kingston, Pelliam Duke of Newcastle, Bentiuck 1 ink-l- 

 ot Portland, Wharton Duke of Wharton, Brydges Duke of Chandos, 

 Campbell Duke of Greenwich, Montagu Duke of Manchester, Sackville 

 Duke of Dorset, and Egerton Duke of Bridgewater. George II. created 

 no duke out of his own family, and the only addition ho can be said to 

 have made to this branch of the peerage, was by enlarging the limita- 

 tion of the Pelham dukedom of Newcastle so as to comprehend the 

 Clintons, by whom the dukedom is now possessed. From 1720 to 

 1766, there was no creation of an English duke except in the royal 

 house. In that year the representative of the ancient house of Percy 

 was made Duke of Northumberland, and the title of Duke of Montagu, 

 which had become extinct, was revived in the Bnulenftln, tin 

 The same forbearance to confer this dignity existed during the re- 

 mainder of the reign; and during the reign of Gi r^- IV. IM .hi 

 was created out of the royal house, till the eminent services oi the 

 Duke of Wellington marked him out as deserving the honour of the 

 highest rank which the king has it in his power to confer. His duke. 

 dom was created in 1814, forty-seven years after the creation of a 

 Duke of Northumberland. The Marquis of Buckingham was advanced 

 to the rank of Duko of Buckingham and Chandon in 1822, so that for 

 a hundred yearn, namely, from 1720 to 1822, only four families were 

 admitted to this honour. 



