EMBOaUNO. 



KMBRA8URE. 



cither owing. planting, or manuring at the expom of the tenant, and 

 are not a permanent or natural product of the aoiL 



By a rule of law founded on public policy, and for the encourage- 

 ment of husbandry, all persons an entitled to the enibleiueuU of land 

 owu by themselves in which they have an uncertain intercut, and 

 which ia determined either by the act of Ood, or of the law, between 

 the time of lowing or planting and the severance of the crop. 



Thua the representative, of a tenant for life, who dies previous to 

 harvest, are entitled to the growing crop* at a compensation for the 

 labour and tillage bestowed on the Luids by the deceased. The same 

 rule also exists with regard to a strict Unant at will, if his tenancy is 

 determined by the landlord previously to the corn being reaped, and 

 for this reason, that as the tenant could not know when the landlord 

 would determine his will, he could not therefore moke any provision 

 against it, and having sown the land upon a reasonable preaumpti. m ..f 

 taking the produce, the law will not suffer him to be a loser by it. If, 

 on the other hand, a tenant for life or at will puts on end to his occu- 

 pation by his own act, he will not be entitled to the crops, as no 

 uncertainty can exist on his part, which ia the point upon which all 

 lesm of emblement* rest. 



The parochial clergy and their under-tenants, being also tenants for 

 fives, and their representative*, are in like manlier entitled to all the 

 advantages of embleiuente by the 28 Henry VIII., c. 11, sect. 6 ; and 

 under that statute they are enabled to bequeath by will grain growing 

 upon the glebe land, manured and sown at their own cost ; but for the 

 reason above mentioned, a person who resigns his living is not entitled 

 to the emblements. 



Fruit trees which cannot be presumed to be planted in contempla- 

 tion of present profit, but rather of being permanently useful to a 

 succession of tenants, and grass which grows of itself without annual 

 expense and labour on the part of the tenant, are not included within 

 the meaning of einblements. (Woodfall's ' Landlord and Tenant.') 



EMBOSSING is the art of producing raised figures or patterns upon 

 wood, metal, paper, cloth, or other materials, by means of pressure ; 

 either applied as a sudden blow, as in a stamping-press, or in a more 

 gradual manner, as by an ordinary screw or hydraulic press, or by 

 revolving cylinders. The pattern U usually produced by forcing the 

 face of the material against an engraved die in which the design is cut 

 cut or otherwise formed in intaglio. Sometimes, when the article to 

 be embossed is in the form of a thin sheet, a counterpart to the die, 

 often made of lead or other soft metal stamped by the die itself, is 

 applied at the back to aid the process. In many cases heat is employed 

 during the operation with great effect. 



The embossing of cloth for book-covers an important branch of 

 this art and the process of stomping the covers themselves, are 

 noticed under BOOKBINDING. A beautiful machine is in operation for 

 both embossing and printing silk, cotton, or woollen cloth, paper, or 

 other fabrics, in one or more colours by one operation, by means of 

 three distinct metal cylinders or rollers, either of which may be em- 

 ployed for embossing or printing, or for performing both operation* 

 simultaneously. These cylinders are arranged round, and pressed 

 with adequate force against, a central or bed cylinder of paper, round 

 which the fabric to be embossed is caused to pass. A soft cloth or 

 felt it applied round the surface of the paper cylinder to answer the 

 purpose of what a printer technically styles blanketing ; and a smooth 

 iron roller is provided to roll in contact with the paper cylinder, so as 

 to remove any impression which it may receive, through the fabric 

 operated upon and the blanketing, from the embossing roller. In 

 embossing paper, however, this impression upon the bed-roller may be 

 of advantage as a counterpart to the embossing roller ; and, in such 

 cases, where it will not produce inconvenience in any other operation 

 of the machine, it may be allowed to remain. Whenever this is done, 

 the relative diameters of the bed-roller and the embossing-roller must 

 be exactly proportioned to each other, in order to ensure perfect 

 register, or coincidence between the sunk pattern on the small metal 

 roller and the raised pattern on the larger bed-roller, during every part 

 of their cycle of revolutions. The embossing and printing rollers are 

 made hollow for the admission of steam or red-hot iron heaters ; and 

 they are also furnished with apparatus for applying colour to their 

 engraved surfaces in the same manner as the cylinders of an ordinary 

 calico-printing machine. For embossing velvets, plain cloths, and 

 papers, the surface of the embossing roller must be cut so as to leave 

 the pattern or device elevated : such pattern being, consequently, im- 

 pressed into, not raised upon, the surface of the fabric ; while for 

 woollens the device must be excavated, or executed in recess or 

 intaglio. The patterns produced by the former kind of roller, though 

 commonly called embossing, do not strictly accord with the definitioi 

 bore given, which conveys what appears to be the strict sense of th< 



v, : ' 



A very curious process of embossing wood was devised some years 

 ago by Mr. Striker. Raised figures on wood, such as are employed in 

 picture frames and other articles of ornamental work, are usually pro- 

 duced either by means of carving, which is on expensive O]>eraUon, or 

 by applying to the plain surface of the wood ornaments cast or 

 moulded in plaster of Paris or some similar composition a plan which 

 is not always available. Mr. Striker'* invention was intended to 

 facilitate these operations. If a depression be made upon the surface 

 of wood by a blunt instrument which will compress it* substance with 



ut actually Uking away any portion of it, such depressed part will 

 again rise to its original level if the wood be subsequently : 

 water. He therefore proposed to draw the required pattern U|>ou the sur- 

 ace of a piece of wood previously cut to the required shape, and then 

 to apply a blunt steel tool, burnisher, or die to all those part* of the 

 pattern which are intended to be in relief, so as to form depressions in 

 be surface of a depth equal to their required prominence, li. 

 this, care must be taken, by the very cautious driving of the instruments, 

 to avoid breaking the grain of the wood. The whole U then to be planed 

 or filed down to a uniform surface, after which the wood is stee) 

 lot or cold water; by the action of this water the parU pr< -vi.m.-Iy 

 depressed will rim to their former height, and consequently form an 

 embossed pattern which may be finished by the ordinary operation* of 

 he carver. A more recent process, to which the name of A'yte/ 

 s given, consists in pressing soft wood into iron mould*, fnun whirli 

 t receives a permanent and sharp impression in bas-relief ; the v 

 softened by steam, and U imbued with certain ingredients to give it 

 ductility. 



Very beautiful ornaments of embossed leather, available in 1 

 carving for architectural decoration, medallions, picture-frames, c.i 

 work, and similar purposes, are produced by a process patented by M. 

 'lamle Sehroth. The dies ore nude of type-metal, or of iln- i 

 illoy with bismuth, called D'Arcet's. Tin- le-itli. i In U-atvn soil in 

 water, thun wrung, pressed, rolled, and fulled as tt WO, by working 

 it with the hands till it becomes thicker and quite mipple. I 

 state it is laid on the mould, and forced into all the cavities by means 

 of a wooden, bone, or copper tool. In other cases the embossing is per- 

 'ormed by the force of a press. The leather, when it has become dry, 

 is easily taken off the mould, however deeply it may be inserted into its 

 crevices, by virtue of its elasticity. The elasticity which thus enables 

 the leather to be removed from on undercut mould is also important 

 as a means of preserving the ornaments from injury by fracture. 

 Remarkable delicacy and sharpness characterise the ornaments thus 

 iormed, which may be produced at a moderate expense; while, from 

 the nature of the material, they are little liable to injury. See further 

 on this subject under LEATHKU. 



A beautiful process of embossing has been invented by Mr. K.I win 

 Hill, for the production of the coloured medallions impressed on some of 

 the many varieties of envelopes. The colouring and the stamping are 

 lx>th effected by the same machine. The envelope, whether made by 

 tiand or machine, is placed upon a small iron table or bed, adjusted to 

 the right position by guide pieces. The stamp or die is at the same 

 time receiving a coating of ink ; which, applied only to the rowed parts 

 of the die, will affect only the gunk part of the impression. The die 

 descends, makes the impression, and rises again. One attendant is 

 constantly employed in placing the envelopes for stamping, and 

 another in removing them when stamped. These movements take 

 place sixty times in a minute. The die coats itself with ink or colour 

 by means of composition rollers and an inkiug-tablu, somewhat in the 

 same way as a printing-machine. The same machine, or one similar 

 in principle, is applicable to the embossing of paper wafer-medallions. 

 The envelope-embossing apparatus is nationally very important. W 

 each stamped envelope becomes at once a species of paper-mum v, 

 exchangeable at many times the actual cost of manufacture. The 

 embossing ia on this account conducted at Somerset House, by 

 government officers. 



KMKKACERY, an attempt to influence or corrupt a jury, or 

 induce them to favour one of the parties in a cause. It is punished 

 by fine and imprisonment The crime of embracery is completed 

 whether the jury on whom the attempt is made give any verdii-t or 

 not, or whether the verdict given be true or false. 



EMBRASURE (in Architecture) is the indent of a battl. 

 [BATTLEMZNT.] It is sometimes used, also, for the splay of a door or 

 window. In walls of some thickness the apertures are splayed on the 

 inside or outside, or both, in order to admit more light, thus making 

 the angles of the wall obtuse instead of rectangular : thus 



A. A. are splays forming the embrasure. The term is derived from the 

 French. 



EMBRASURE (in Fortification) is the opening made in tl>. 

 incut or parapet of a battery or fortress, to allow a gun to be fired 

 through it. The part of the interior slope of the parapet immediately 

 below the embrasure is termed the genouiliire, and its height is of 

 course determined by the height of .the carriage of the gun ; for field- 

 guns it is therefore 3 feet 6 inches, and also for siege-guns on travelling 

 carriages, while for guns on standing carriages it is only 2 feet 4 iuches. 

 The embrasures may be either rut out of a parapet after it is made, or 

 the openings left when the parapet is being constructed ; in either case 

 the height of the till or tole of the embrasure should not be nnuli 

 more than 4 feet below the crest of the parapet, otherwise the cheeks 

 or sides of the embrasure, being very high, the concussion of the air 

 from the explosion of the gun is sure to cause them to fall in. If 



