KMKTINK. 



KM K: RATION. 



> and origin of fever, there can be no quwtion but that the 

 anguiferiHU system powerfully feeU and nhows duturbanoe, mod in no 

 point more conspicuotuu'y than in the capillaries Theae beoome the 

 eat of thoae morbid action*, to counteract which is the chief aim of 

 the early treatment. By these ranis, too, are executed the function! 

 of aeoretion, deposition of the nutrient material, exhalation, oiul, in 

 one degree, the evolution of animal boat. The consequences of 

 deranged action of the capillaries are diminished or vitiated aecretinn, 

 (uapendtxi nutrition, altered exhalation, and the animal heat augmented 

 or diminished, or unequally diffused. But while the diseased impres- 

 sion U confined to the general circulation, which it always is for some 

 time (varying in different ouai and constitutions), the series of morbid 

 action* may be arrested by venesection, purgatives, or more certainly 

 by an emetic. This should be administered at as early a period of the 

 disease aa possible ; but even should it fail in cutting short the febrile 

 movement, still it clears the stomach, and fits it to retain whatever 

 may subset] uently be had recourse to in order to moderate or regulate 

 the future condition of the system. Emetics invariably render the 

 disMiii milder, owing to the greater freedom of the secretions which 

 follows their use ; and they may be advantageously repeated even in 

 the more advanced stage, frequently inducing sleep and a moist state 

 of the skin. They may be employed in epidemic, typhus, common 

 fever, and exanthematous fevers, especially measles, scarlet fever, and 

 small-pox For the slight febrile affections of children, generally 

 caused by something offending the stomach, nothing is so well suited 

 or BO efficacious as a gentle emetic. In bilious fevers emetics are 

 required, especially at the beginning. In intermittent fevers, if given 

 before the paroxysm, they early bring on the sweating stage, thus con- 

 centrating the fit into a short period. Their tendency to produce 

 perspiration often renders them useful in rheumatic fevers. In com- 

 mon inflammation of the throat, and still more so in croup, emetics 

 are of decided utility. In common catarrh they frequently shorten 

 the disease; and in the suffocative catarrh and catarrh of old age, 

 emetics mechanically unload the lungs, and render the respiration 

 freer. Dr. James Clark and Dr. Carswell even think that they can 

 dislodge tubercular matter from the lungs in the early stages of 

 consumption. (See Clark ' On Consumption.') 



Few agents are more useful in whooping-cough than emetics ; and in 

 many cases of indigestion, especially if accompanied with sick head- 

 ache or hypochondriasis, emetics give effectual relief. 



Emetics are very improper where there is a disposition to apoplexy, 

 or tendency of blood to the head, or where the patient is liable to 

 hemorrhage from any organ, or is subject to hernia. They are also to 

 be avoided during pregnancy. 



Emetics are often resorted to when any poisonous substance has 

 been taken. For this purpose a scruple of sulphate of zinc in a 

 tumbler of warm water is proper, or a table-spoonful of common 

 mustard in a tumbler of water. But when opium, belladonna, or 

 other narcotic poison has been taken, emetics rarely act. The stomach- 

 pump should then be used. 



EMETINK, Kmeta, i'metia, a vegetable alkaloid obtained from 

 ipecacuanha-root, and in which the powers of that medicine reside. In 

 order to prepare it, the root is reduced to powder, and then treated 

 with sulphuric ether to separate a fatty substance, and afterwards with 

 boiling alcohol. The alcoholic solutions, when evaporated, leave a 

 bitter brown extract, which contains emetine combined with gallic 

 acid. This is to be redissolved in water, and boiled with an excess of 

 magnesia, which decomposes the gallate of emetine; the magnesian 

 precipitate is to be washed with a little cold water, and then boiled in 

 alcohol. The emetine dissolved in the alcohol is separated by evapo- 

 ration ; but as it is coloured, it is recombined with an acid, and after 

 being decolourised by animal charcoal, it is to be again precipitated by 



Kim-tine, when pure, is white, pulverulent, and uncrystallisable ; its 

 taste is rather bitter ; it melts at 104 Fahr., and afterwards decom- 

 poses at a temperature below 212. It suffers no change by exposure 

 to the air ; it is slightly soluble in cold water, but readily dissolved by 

 alcohol ; the solution restores the blue colour of litmus paper which 

 has been reddened ; it is precipitated by tincture of galls ; acids are 

 I ii it imperfectly saturated by it, and it yields with them uncrystal- 

 lisable salts, which have been but little examined. The gaUotannate is 

 neither emetic nor poisonous. 



In the dose of half a grain emetine is stated to act as a powerful 

 emetic, and in larger doses its effects are extremely violent. 



It is composed of 



Hydrogen 

 Carbon . 

 Oxygen 



.\ . ' 



777 



64-57 



22-95 



4-30 



99-59 



EMIGRATION, may be defined to be a man's leaving his native 

 country with all his property to settle permanently in another. Emi- 

 gration is therefore necessarily implied in the word colonisation, and it 

 is by the terms of our definition easily distinguished from a man's 

 temporary absence from his native country and from the kind of 

 absence specially called absenteeism. 



Though a man may be properly called an ei.<i,ur;mt who leaves Oreat 

 Britain or Ireland, for instance, and settles in France or Germany or 

 elsewhere in Europe, the term has in modern times come to have a 

 more restricted and particular sense. By the term emigrant we gene- 

 rally understand one who leaves an old and thickly peopled country 

 to settle in a country where there in abundance of land that has 

 never been cultivated before, and where the native population is 

 thinly scattered, and the foreign settlers are yet either few r<>m- 

 Hired with the surface, or none at all. The countries to which 

 migration is mainly directed at present are the British poasesions in 

 North America, the United States of North America, the great island 

 f Australia with Van Diemen's Land, New Zealand, and the Cape of 

 Good Hope. 



An emigrant to any of these remote countries must be either a 

 capitalist or a labourer. An emigrant may combine in himself both 

 nnditions; for even a mere labourer cannot emigrate without 

 capital, though the amount may be only enough to convey him to the 

 spot where his labour and skill will be in demand. It was long a pre- 

 valent notion that emigration should be discouraged or prevented, as 

 .ending to weaken a nation. The objection, we believe, was generally 

 'ounded rather on a notion that the nation lost by its diminished pnpu- 

 ation, than that it suffered from the abstraction of capital. As to the 

 matter of population, however, some observers even then could not fail 

 jo remark, that emigration did not seem to diminish the population, 

 nit that on the contrary it seemed to be soon followed by an increase. 

 This was observed with respect to Portugal at the time when she was 

 extending her conquests and colonies, and is a fact confirmed by more 

 recent experience, the explanation of which presents no difficulty. 

 The abstraction of capital, skill, and industt. might si-cm, and indeed 

 ia primarily, so much good taken from the mother country ; but inas- 

 much as the emigrants retain in their new settlements, through the 

 medium of commercial exchange which is daily becoming more rapid 

 and easy, a connection with the parent state, it may be and often is 

 the fact, that they ultimately contribute more to the wealth of tin- 

 mother country when in the new settlements than they could have 

 done at home. Many of those, for example, who settle in the western 

 States of America or in Canada with no capital beyond their hands, by 

 their industry become the possessors of a well-cultivated piece of tad, 

 and ultimately consume more of the products of British industry, 

 for which they must give something in exchange, than if they had 

 remained in their native country. And as, in order that emigration to 

 new countries may be a successful undertaking to those who emigrate, 

 and ultimately advantageous to the mother country, there must be an 

 emigration both of capitalists and labourers, it would seem to follow 

 that a state, if it consult the happiness of its citizens, should place no 

 impediments to the emigration either of capitalists of all kinds or 

 of labourers or artizans of any kind, but should on the contrary give 

 reasonable facilities. 



If a state then should be wise enough not to discourage emigrate >n . 

 it may be asked, should it aid and direct it ? So far aa a state should 

 aid and direct emigration, there must be two distinct objects kept in 

 view by the state ; one must be to benefit the parent country, the 

 other to benefit those who emigrate. On the contrary, as to the indi- 

 vidual who emigrates, whether he emigrates under the protection and 

 direction of the government or not, his object generally is of course to 

 better his own condition. 



One cannot well conceive why a state, or any section or part of a 

 nation, should make any contribution or raise any fund for the 

 purpose of aiding emigration, except it be with the view of bettering 

 the condition of some who cannot find employment at home, and at 

 the same time adopting some systematic plan for improving the con- 

 dition of those who are left behind. Yet any system of emigration 

 thus conducted by government, or by societies, or by the inh.ii 

 of particular districts, would fail in its primary object, relief to the 

 emigrants, unless a corresponding amount of capital should be taken 

 out of the country by other emigrants who might settle in the same 

 place to which the emigrant labourers were sent. To effect such an 

 adjustment between capital and labour, not only should both these 

 elements of wealth in due proportion be transported to the new 

 country, but such proportion should, for some time at least, be main- 

 tained by the body which superintends such system of emigration ; 

 an arrangement which seems impracticable, except by some such 

 provisions as are hereafter mentioned. 



It is further to be observed that as no persons can ever succeed as 

 emigrants who are not sober, intelligent, and industrious, and as such 

 alone are consequently fit people to go to a new country, such alone 

 should be sent out by a state or ,a society, if it interferes iu the 

 matter of emigration. But if a large number of the most industrious 

 labourers should emigrate from a given district, and leave behind 

 them the worthless and idle, though the emigrants might 1 >ettcr their 

 condition and improve the settlement of which they go to form a part, 

 the mother country would be no gainer by this change. We are not 

 inclined to consider that any advantage, at all commensurate to the 

 expense, would result from any emigration, however extensive, from 

 districts where there is a su]>eralminl:int and pauperised, or a pau- 

 perised and not superabundant population. If the idle, the ignorant, 

 anil the vicious, were exported wholesale, they would only die a few 

 years sooner in the land of their new settlement, without conferring 



