m DTI iUariO TII.KS AND |'.VVI:MI:XT>. 



IM:KI:IX<!, CIVIL. 



fallowing works, which, with those given above, will supply ample 

 references if it be cleared to carry the inquiry farther : Mil 1m, ' Dic- 

 tionnaire de Beaux Arta' (art. Encaustiqur ) ; Duroaiex, ' Manuel du 

 Peintre a la Cire ' (Par. 1844) ; Kaoul Rochrtto, Peinture Ineditea ' 

 (Par. 1880); Letronne, ' Lettres d'un Antiquaire a un Artit ' (Par. 

 1840); John,' Die Malerei der Alton ' (Berlin. 188); Wiegmann, Die 

 Malerei der Allen; 1 Holla-, Archiologie der Kunat, 1 | 320; and 

 Report* of Commissioners of Fine Arta. 



K N CAUSTIC T1U> AM. rA \IIMENTS. [TILES ASD PAVK- 

 ME.TTs.1 



KN CKl XTE it the term applied iu fortification to the work* of the 

 tody o/O place ; or the first belt, or line of nunparta (generally con- 

 tinuoua), which mirround the place. 

 KK'S CuMKT. [COMETS.] 



ENCYCLOPEDIA; ENCYCLOP&DIE. [DICTIONARY.] 



KNUKCAtiON, a figure of eleven sides. 



ENDEMIC (Mruiat, auUmu, from ir, in or among ; and tnt", 

 people, that which ia among a people). By this word are expressed 

 thoae peculiar forma of disease which arise spontaneously, as it ia 

 termed, in a country or in particular localities, and which are ordinarily 

 produced by the peculiar climate, soil, air, water, &c. Thus, ague is 

 the endemic disease of marshy countries or localities; the swelled 

 throat or bronchooele is endemic in the 'Alps, and the plica in Poland. 

 The word bears pretty much the same signification in relation to the 

 itismim of a country that the term indigenous does to its plants. It 

 ia used in contradistinction to epidemic. [EPIDEMIC.] 



li.M 'OCARD1T1S. [HEART, DISEASES OF.] 



ENDORSEMENT. [flux or EXCHANGE.] 



KN I 'OSMOSE is the attraction through an animal or vegetable 

 membrane of thin fluid by a denser fluid. M. Dutrochet found that if 

 he filled the swimming bladder of a carp with thin mucilage and 

 placed it in water, the bladder gained weight by attracting water 

 through its sides : to this phenomenon he gave the name of /,'</,<- 

 mote (from tutor and wafai). He also found that if he filled the same 

 bladder with water and placed it in thin mucilage, it lost weight, its 

 contents being partially attracted through its sides into the surround- 

 ing mucilage ; this counter phenomenon he named Exoimote (from i 

 and ita\un). The same circumstances were seen to occur in the trans- 

 mission of fluids through the tissue of plants ; it was found possible to 

 gorge parts of vegetables with fluid by merely placing them in water, 

 and to empty them again by rendering the fluid in which they were 

 placed more dense than that which they contained. It was also ascer- 

 tained that this phenomenon took place with considerable force : 

 Dutrochet says that water thickened with sugar in the proportion of 

 1 part sugar to 2 parts water, was productive of a power of endos- 

 moee capable of sustaining a column of mercury of 127 inches, or the 

 weight of 44 atmospheres. 



This phenomenon is by its discoverer considered sufficient to 

 explain many of the movements of the fluids both of plants and animals; 

 his first book upon the subject is entitled ' L' Agent imme'diat du 

 Mouvement Vital, do'voilc' dans sa nature et dans son mode d'actiou 

 cher les Vdgctaux et chez les Animaux,' Paris, 1826, and in his nume- 

 rous more recent writings he sustains the same opinion. To the effects 

 of endosmoee he refers the motion of sap ; the sleep of leaves ; the 

 various directions taken by plants under the influence of external 

 agents, such as turning to the light or away from it ; many kinds of 

 irritability ; the attraction of fluids to particular points, and the like. 

 That Dutrochet's arguments are extremely ingenious, and his observa- 

 tions highly curious, no one will deny ; but we agree with De Candolle, 

 that, supposing this celebrated physiologist's views to be correct, we 

 must still have recourse to vital force as the great and inexplicable 

 cause of all such phenomena. When organic tissue dies, it does not 

 lose its mere hygrometrical powers, nor do its tubes cease to exert their 

 capillarity, but no more vital movement of fluids takes place; yet 

 mere endosmoee will take effect through dead membranes, as is 

 proved by the instrument called an endotmvmeter. [OSMOMKTEB] We 

 can only then allow endosmoee to be one of the powers which, in com- 

 bination with vital force, assist in producing some of the phenomena 

 of life. 



Dutrochet considers endoamose to be owing to what he calls inter- 

 ca/'illary tlcttririty, grounding his opinion partly upon the experiment 

 of Porret, who found that when two liquids of different levels are 

 separated by a membrane, they may be brought to a level by establish- 

 ing an electrical current between the two, thus rendering the mem- 

 brane permeable; and partly upon experiments of his own. But 

 M. Poiason, on the contrary, has demonstrated that endosmose may be 

 the result of capillary attraction joined to differences in the affinity of 

 heterogeneous substances. (' Ann. de Chun.,' vol. 35, p. 98.) 



The more recent development of this subject will be given under 

 OSMOSE, to which we referred under CAPILLARY ATTRACTION ; but we 

 may here remark, that the phenomena of endosuiosis and exosmosis, 

 are intimately connected with the process of liquid, diffusion. [Du- 

 rcaioii.] 



ENDOWMENT. [DOWER; VICAHAOK.] 



K X KM ATA. [CLYSTERS.] 



KXFEOFFMENT. [Ftor 



KN F1L ADE ia the term applied to a fire of artillery or musketry win u 

 made in the direction of the length of un enemy's line of troops, or when 



made from any battery to the interior of an enemy's rampart or trench 

 in the direction of its length. When an artillery fire is so employed 

 by the besiegers of a fortress, the intention is to dismount the guns of 

 the defenders ; and this end it accomplishes with more certainty than 

 if the fire were directed from the front towards the mouths of the 

 embrasures, both because the aide of a gun-carriage presents a larger 

 surface than the muzzle of the piece to the action of the shot, and 

 because the same shot may take effect against two or more guns 

 placed upon the same line of rampart, or sweeping along the whole 

 length of parapet, though missing one gun may take effect on an 

 An enfilading fire of artillery is also used by the besiegers to destroy 

 the palisades or .other obstacles behind a glacis, and to prevent the 

 defenders from remaining at their parapets. \Vln-n i-inpluyetl by the 

 defenders of a fortress, it is intended to sweep any of the besiegers' 

 trenches which may from necessity, or through the fault of the 

 engineer, lie in a direction tending towards some part of the ram]>arts 

 of the fortress. 



The destructive effects of an enfilading fire, when directed against 

 the guns on a rampart, are diminished by constructing traverses across 

 the rampart at intervals, or by placing the guns in blindages. And, to 

 avoid such fire in the trenches of the besiegers, the practice is to form 

 those trenches in zig-zag directions, tending alternately to the right 

 and left of the general line of the approaches, so that, if produced, they 

 may fall on the exterior of all the ramparts from whence a fire might 

 be directed towards the approaches : when this is not possible it 

 becomes necessary to raise traverses in such trenches as are thus 

 exposed to the fire. 



In Sir John T. Jones's Journals of the Sieges in Spain, there is given 

 on account of the ingenious attempt made by a French corporal to 

 cause one of the trenches of the besiegers before Badajon to be 

 enfiladed by the guns of the fortress : the man contrived secretly in 

 the evening to displace on the ground ttib tracing cord which the 

 British engineer had stretched in order to indicate the intended direc- 

 tion of the trench ; and the attempt only failed because the officer 

 who came on duty for the night accidentally discovered, before dark- 

 ness came on, the error in the position of the line. [RICOCHET.] 

 ENFRANCHISEMENT. [CopYH6u>.] 



ENGINEERING (from the French word iagfnitur) is properly il.r 

 art of constructing and using engines or machines ; but the term is also 

 applied to that of executing such works as are the objects of civil and 

 military architecture, in which machinery is in general exU-ushvly 

 employed. 



A distinction has long been made between the civil and military 

 engineer ; and since everything relating to the service of artillery is 

 now confided to a particular corps, the duty of the military engineer 

 may be said to comprehend the construction of fortifications, both 

 permanent and temporary, including the trenches and batteries re- 

 quired in besieging places ; also of barracks, magazines, and other 

 works connected with warlike affairs. 



Of the military engineer it may be said that a greater knowledge of 

 the more minute details of construction is required than would suffice 

 in the civil practitioner; because it may happen that the former is 

 called upon to exercise his profession in some colony where workmen 

 adequately skilled in the mechanical operations may be wanting. The 

 accomplishment of the work may then become impossible, should the 

 officer not be qualified to give the necessary instructions to those who 

 ore placed under his direction. 



ENGINEERING, CIVIL, comprehends the designing and execution 

 of every great work by which commerce and the practice of the i 

 arts may be facilitated, provided it bo not of an artistic or ornamental 

 character. Thus, in creating or improving the communications of a 

 country, the civil engineer would be called upon to form a road 

 through hills or over valleys or rivers, or to excavate a canal in con- 

 nection with the waters by which it may be supplied, and to build the 

 locks for retaining the surface of the water at different levels, in different 

 places, when the inequalities of the ground are considerable. He raises 

 embankments to resist the encroachments of the sea or to reclaim the 

 land which it may have covered, and breakwaters to break the force of 

 the waves at the mouths of natural harbours. He renders rivers 

 navigable when then- course is obstructed by rocks or banks; he forms 

 docks or artificial harbours where ships may remain in security : ! 

 executes the works required for the water supply, the draining ami 

 lighting of towns, or the drainage and irrigation of the country 

 districts, and he is required to penetrate by mines to vast <!<]> i 

 the purpose of seeking the mineral treasures contained within the 

 bosom of the earth. Such are the occupations of this important class 

 of men ; and it is necessary to observe that they frequently, in 

 addition, practise the avocation of the machinist iu executing the 

 presses, mills, looms, and other great machines employed in the arts 

 and manufactures ; and particularly in constructing steam engines and 

 the apparatus by which they ore rendered available for giving motion 

 to ships, carriages, or machinery. 



In France the title of engineer is extended to IH.TPIIIIH who are 

 employed for the public service in trigonometrical Hiirvrying in the 

 interior of a country or mi the coasts, and in the practice of naval 

 architecture. The French have thus a corps of ingcnicurs gdographes, 

 of ingcmeurs d'hydrographie, and of iugenieurs de marine. 



Engineering must have originated with the first application of a 



