EQUITY OF REDEMPTION. 



ERECHTUEIUM. 



an end, though the court will generally permit the plaintiff to amend 

 his bill where it is not apparent from his own statement that he cannot 

 make any caae against the defendant; otherwise the only object attained 

 by the demurrer or plea would be to drive the plaintiff to file a new 

 bill, omitting or amending the objectionable part. But if the demurrer 

 or plea is overruled, the defendant is compelled to answer fully, just as 

 if ho had not demurred or pleaded. When the answer is filed, the 

 plaintiff, if from the disclosure* made he deems it advisable, may amend 

 his bill ; that is, erase such part of his statements as he no longer con- 

 siders necessary, and insert other statements which may appear neces- 

 sary to sustain hia case ; and the defendant must answer to this new 

 matter. 



In cages where the bill is for discovery only, and in some others, the 

 answer puts an end to the suit ; and when the object of the bill is to 

 obtain an injunction, which is granted either upon affidavits before 

 answer or in default of an answer, the suit i also ended, unless the 

 defendant desires to dissolve the injunction. But where a decree is 

 necessary, the case must come on to be heard either upon evidence 

 taken before the examiners of the court or commissioners appointed for 

 the purpose [DEPOSITION] ; or where the plaintiff considers the dis- 

 closures in the answer sufficient, the cause is heard upon bill and 

 answer alone, without further evidence, and this is at the plaintiff's 

 discretion. 



The cause is heard in its turn by the master of the rolls or the vice- 

 chancellors, if instituted in the Court of Chancery ; for the lord chan- 

 cellor and lords justices rarely hear causes in the first instance. 

 [CHANCERY.] If the nature of the suit admits, a final decree is made ; 

 or if any further inquiry be necessary, or any accounts are to be taken, 

 references are made to the judge sitting at chambers for those 

 purposes. 



This is the form of the simplest suit in equity, aiid is sufficient to 

 point out the successive steps necessary to be taken. Formerly suits 

 were of a far more complicated character. Many special applications 

 to the court might become necessary at various stages before the cause 

 was ripe for hearing : and the references made to the Masters, their 

 reports thereon, hearing on further directions, and fresh references, 

 used frequently to consume much time. Under the present state of 

 things, these matters are settled in a much more prompt way, and 

 most successful efforts have been made to simplify and shorten pro- 

 cedure. The recent statute 15 & 16 Viet. c. 86, and some others, have 

 so altered the practice that the old text-books have been nearly super- 

 seded. Those who wish for a more accurate knowledge of the proceed- 

 ings in a suit in chancery may consult Darnell's ' Chancery Practice/ 

 third edition. 



The principal English treatises on equity are those of Mr. Maddock 

 and Mr. Fonblanque : the former treats of his subject under heads 

 devoted to the several subject matters cognisable in courts of equity ; 

 the latter considers it with reference to the jurisdiction exercised by 

 courts of law, as concurrent, assistant, exclusive. The American 

 treatise of Mr. Justice Story unites these two modes, and explains the 

 subject in a masterly and scientific manner. 



EQUITY OF REDEMPTION. [MORTGAGE.] 



EQUIVALENT NUMBER. [CHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS.] 



EQUU'LEUS (the Little Horse), a constellation of Ptolemy, sur- 

 rounded by Pegasus, Vulpecula, Aquila, and Capricornus. 



The following are the principal stars. 



No. in Catalogue 

 of British 



Association 



Character. 



1 

 S 



No. in Catalogue 

 of Flamstccd. 



5 



7 



8 



10 



7350 

 7372 

 7380 



Magnitude. 

 4 

 4 

 4 

 4 



KQUU'LEUS PICTO'RIS (the Painter's Horse, or Easel), a con- 

 Htellation of Lacaille, situated close to the principal star of Argo. 

 | CANOPUS.] Its principal star (a) is 583 of Lacaille, and 2260 in the 

 Catalogue of the British Association. 



ERA. [.EiiA.] 



KKASTIAN1SM. [EitASTUS, in Bioo. Div.] 



ERATO. [Musts.] 



ERBIUM ; (Er.) a metal discovered by Mosander associated with 

 yttria. Its properties arc but little known. Some of them are as 

 iollows : Its oxide becomes of a dark orange colour when heated in 

 contact with the air, which colour it loses with a little weight, when 

 heated in hydrogen gas. It is to the presence of this oxide that yttria 

 its yellow colour, when prepared as hitherto directed. Thu 

 sulphate and nitrate of erbium are free from colour. It has not been 

 reduced to the metallic state. 



EKECHTHEIUM, a beautiful Ionic temple dedicated to Erechtheus, 

 built near the western brow of th Acropolis at Athens, and at the 

 time when Stuart visited the place forming part of the modem fortress 

 of the Acropolis. Connected with this building, and placed on one 

 f idc of it at the end of the cella, is a tetrastyle pseudo-dipteral Ionic 

 portico, in the same style as the portico of the Erechtheium : and on 

 the opposite ride is a small roofed building supported by caryatides, 

 placed on an elevated basement. [CAUVATII>I:S.] The Erechtheium was 

 thu, ai Mr. Fergusson remarks, properly three temples grouped toge- 



ther, the whole presenting a singularly picturesque group of th. 

 studied irregularity, though the separate features are as studiously 

 symmetrical. The back wall of the cella of the Temple of Erechtlu u.- 

 is decorated with four semi-columns in antis engaged in the wall, and 

 of the same order as the portico, which is hexastyle, and raised on three 

 steps, forming a basement which runs round the entire building with 

 its adjuncts. In Stuart's ' Athens,' the prothyrum is restored, ami 

 forms a closed chamber, for which there does not appear to be suftioicut 

 authority. It is more probable that the prothyrum was open, like 

 some other Greek temples, because, as shown on Stuart's plan', the 

 portico from its shallowness would be of little vise as a covering, and 

 would also produce little architectural effect. In the side portico, 

 called Minerva Polias, which was most probably constructed after the 

 Erechtheium, there was no opportunity of producing a depth of shadow 

 by the deep recess of an open prothyrum, and the architect accordingly 

 appears to have adopted the pseudo-dipteral portico to produce a 

 somewhat similar effect, as well as to gain a covered space for those 

 who officiated. It would appear from the regularity of the plan of the 

 Temple of Erechtheus, that it was constructed before the other, and of 

 that regular parallelopipedal figure most commonly employed in these 

 buildings ; and that at a later period the Pandrosium was conitrueti <!, 

 with the portico on the opposite side forming the entrance or vestibule 

 to the cella of the temple, which was formed from a part of tli 

 of the Temple of Erechtheus, cut off from the end of that cella, whieh 

 was either at that time or previously lighted with windows. 



The length of the Temple of Erechtheus is 73 feet 2 inches from the 

 columns of the portico to those at the back of the cella ; the width is 

 36 feet 6 inches. The depth of the portico of Minerva l'"Ii:!s is il 

 feet 1 inch, and the width 33 feet 1 inch. The Pandrosium is IS feet 

 4 inches wide, and 11 feet 9 inches deep. (Stuart's ' Antiquities of 

 Athens,' edited by W. Kinnard, architect.) The columns of the Erech- 

 theium are 2 feet 3'8 inches in diameter at the base, and 1 foot 11 '2 

 inches at the upper diameter ; and those of the Minerva Polias 

 6'9 inches, and the upper 2 feet 3'5 inches: while the intercolumnui 

 tions are respectively Erechtheium 4 feet 7'95 inches, Minerva Polias 

 7 feet, 8'19 inches, although there is a slight variation in the inter- 

 columns, which may be the effect of time and inaccuracy in setting 

 them out originally. The columns of the Minerva Polias are on a 

 much lower level than those of the Erechtheium. The capitals of the 

 order of these two temples are very richly carved. The volutes are 

 very graceful [COLUMN], and the spiral lines are elaborately arranged. 

 The necking of the capital is enriched with leaves, as well ;is with au 

 enriched ovolo and astragals, and the volutes are connected by an 

 enriched twisted band or guilloche ornament. The shafts are fluted. 

 But with regard to many peculiarities in the detail, we must refer to 

 the plates in Stuart's ' Athens.' The entablatures have several of 

 their members enriched, and are similar in de.-ugn ; the ba^es of the 

 columns however vary. The height of the columns of the Erechtheium 



(Kb ,j I, : 



[Plan of the Krcchthelum.] 



is -J7 feet 7 inches, and yf the Minerva Polias 25 feat. The pila 



the Erechtheium is elegantly decorated, and the mouldings and decora- 



