90 



ESSENTIAL OILS. 



ESTATE. 



970 



Eaential oil of tcurry-graa contains the sulphocyanide of allyl. 

 [MUSTARD, On. or.] [COCHLEAKIA officinali, in NAT. HIST. Div.] 



Eaential oil of tenna. Exists in the leaves in rather small quantity. 

 Extracted by distillation with water. It has a nauseous odour and 

 taste. [CASSIA, in NAT. HIST. Drv.] [SENNA.] 



Eaential oil of ipearmint. The herb [MENTHA mridii, in NAT. HIST. 

 Div.] furnishes not more than about two-tenths per cent, of an oil of 

 sp. gr. 0*914. Ita colour is pale yellow, deepening by age. It is nearly 

 identical with oil of peppermint. [PEPPERMINT, Eaential oil of.] 



Euential oil of tpike. Foreign oil of lavender. [LAVANDULA spica, in 

 NAT. HUT. Drv.] It is chemically the same as the true oil of lavender 

 (from Lacandula rera), but has a darker green colour and lean grateful 

 odour. 



Eaential oil of ipitenard is another name for the so-called essential 

 oil of geranium. See Eaential oil of yraa. 



Eaential oil 'of ipirtta. The flowers of meadow-sweet (Reine des 

 Pres), [SPIRAEA utmaria, in NAT. HIST. Drv.] yield on distillation 

 with water an essential oil containing a small quantity of a hydro- 

 carbon isomeric with oil of turpentine, but consisting chiefly of an 

 oxygenised body (C, 4 H e O,) that is identical with hydride of salicyl 

 (C,,H,O.,H). [SALICTL, HYDRIDE or]. Ite specific gravity is 1-173, 

 vapour-density 4-276, boiling-point 360 Fahr. 



Eaential oil of itar-anue differs in odour, but is otherwise similar to 

 that of the common anise. See Eaential oil of aniseed. [ILLICICM 

 CM wafton, in NAT. HUT. D(v.] 



Eaential oil of ttarrk. According to M. Payen ('Pharmaceutical 

 Journal,' voL vii. O. 8. p. 37) an essential oil pre-exists in the con- 

 centric layers of the grains of starch. About one ten-thousanth part of 

 the starch is a yellowish .liquid oil, having the characteristic smell of 

 the starch in a high degree. Starch contains in addition a concrete 

 oily matter lee* volatile than water. The fluid oil is lighter than 

 water, and has a higher vapour-tension. 



Eaential oil of meet bay. See Saential oil of laurel-berne*. 



Eaential oil of meet fag. The rhizome of the Acorut calamus 

 [ACORUS, in NAT. HIST. Div.] contains one per cent of an essential 

 oil principally composed of a hydrocarbon, but also containing an 

 oxygeniaed portion. Neither have been thoroughly examined. 



Eaential oil of lamty is of a pale or golden yellow colour, sometimes 

 green. It has a strong nauseous odour, and acrid bitter taste. Sp. 

 gr. 0-931. [TASACETUM, in NAT. HIST. Div.] 



Eaential oil of tarragon. The tarragon [ARTEMISIA dracunculia, 

 in NAT. HIST. Div.] furnishes an essential oil closely allied to tstenlial 

 oil of anitetd. 



Eaential oil of tea. Common tea [THEA, in NAT. HIST. Drv.] furnishes 

 by distillation with water an oil lighter than water, and having in a 

 high degree the characteristic smell of the tea. The odour of it excites 

 guliliness to such an extent, that it may be said to be powerfully 

 poisonous. The major part present in the fresh leaves is dissipated in 

 the drying process they undergo. 



Eaential oil of lemplnum is the name given to an essential oil 

 obtained in Hungary by distilling with water the young branches of 

 the dwarf or mountain pine [Pixus pumilvi, in NAT. HIST. Div.]. 



ftaofi'iif oil of tAyme. By distilling with water common garden 

 thyme. [TurMfs nUgarit, in NAT. HIST. Div.]. It contains a hydro- 

 carbon, and an oxygeniaed portion. [THYMENE ; THYMOL.] 



Eaential oil of tobacco. By the dry distillation of tobacco, as for 

 instance in the process of cigar or pipe smoking, an essential oil is 

 produced that is one of the most violent of known poisons. By the 

 distillation of tobacco leaves with water, a solid volatile oil is obtained 

 having odour and taste characteristic of the. drug. [NICOTLAHA, in 

 NAT. HUT. Divl. 



Eaential oil of loin, obtained by distillation, is mainly a hydrocarbon 

 talent. It absorbs oxygen when exposed to the air, and becomes 

 minified. [MYROsrcRMUM toluiferum, in NAT. HIST. Div.] [BALSAMS.] 



Eaential oil of turpentine. [TURPENTINE.] 



Eaential oil of ralerian. The root [VALKRIANA officinalii, in NAT. 

 HUT. Drv.] contains an essential oil of powerful odour. It consists of a 

 hydrocarbon (C^H..) isoraeric with oil of turpentine, and identical 

 with born&ne [CAMPHOR], and of an oxygenised portion called 

 valerol (C,,H 10 OA IVALBBOL.] 



Eaential oil of verbena. See Euential oil of Umon-yrast. 



Saential oil of vittie vayr or relirer may be obtained from the 

 fibrous roots sold by perfumers under the name of vittie vayr. On 

 account of the isinliil oil contained in them, they are much used in 

 India for scenting apartments, and for preserving clothing from the 

 attacks of insects. They are the roots of a grass (Andropogon muricatui) 

 closely allied to the|English sweet vernal grass. The oil contains a hydro- 

 carbon (C_,H 14 ) and an oxygenised portion. It is lighter than water. 



Eaentiat oil of winteryreen may be extracted from the flowers of the 

 wintergreen [GACLTHBRIA procumbent, in NAT. HIST. Div.] by macera- 

 tion in (alcohol, or in ether. Nine-tenths of it are gauitheric acid 

 (C,,H.O^ the salicylate of methyl (C,.H,0,C,H,O) or hydrate of 

 methyl-salicy! (HO.C..H (C.HJ 0,). The other tenth is a hydro- 

 carbon, isomeric with oil of turpentine, called gaiUtherilene. 



The 



Utter boils at 320* Fahr., vapour density 4-92. 



Eaential oil of vinter'i bark contains a pale yellow oil, lighter than 

 water, and having a hot acrid taste. [WlNTERACEE, Drimyt wintera, 

 in NAT. HUT. Div.J 



Euential oil of wormseed. See Essential oil of chenapodium. 



Essential oil of wormwood. The herb [ARTEMISIA absinthium, in NAT. 

 HIST. Div.] yields an oil that, when pure, has the composition 

 (C M H 10 0,) sp. gr. 0'973, vapour-density 5'3. It is evidently isomeric 

 with laurel camphor. [CAMPHOR.] 



Eaential oil of xanthoxylum. The Japanese pepper [XANTHOXYLUM 

 piperitum, in NAT. HIST. Div.] contains a hydrocarbon (C^H^) xantho- 

 xylene to which the odour of the pepper is due, and a stearopteu 

 (C^H.0.) called xanthoxylin. 



Essential oil of zedoary. The tubers of the broad-leaved turmeric 

 [CURCUMA axloaria, in NAT. HIST. Drv.] yield a yellow, somewhat 

 opaque oil having a camphorous odour and taste. It is composed of 

 two oils, one lighter, the other heavier than water. 



ESSOIGNS, Latin Essonium, French Essoiyne (apparently from the 

 Latin Exonerare), is the allegation of an excuse for non-appearance by 

 a person summoned to answer an action at law, or to perform service 

 at a court baron. There were various admitted causes of such excuse, 

 such as illness, falling among thieves, floods, &c. And a party might 

 essoign himself three times by sending a substitute to explain the 

 reasons for his non-appearances. The first return day in every term 

 was, properly speaking, the first day of the term ; and on that day 

 the courts formerly eat to take essoigns or excuses from such as did 

 not appear to the summons or the writ ; wherefore it was called the 

 essoign day. But essoigns have become almost unknown in prac- 

 tice. They were confined to real and mixed actions. Of the former 

 only three now remain, and these three are rarely resorted to, so that 

 the learning relating to essoigns is almost lost. 



ESTATE, in Law, signifies that title or interest which a man has in 

 lands, tenements, hereditaments, or other effects. It is either real, 

 comprising lands, tenements, and hereditaments held or enjoyed for an 

 estate of freehold ; or personal, comprising interests for terms of years 

 in lands, tenements, and hereditaments, and property of every other 

 description. Personal estate [CHATTELS] goes to the executors, and is 

 primarily liable for payment of debts. 



Real estate may be considered under three heads : ( 1 ) the 

 quantity of estate, i. ?., the amount of interest in the owner ; (2) the 

 time when that interest is to commence ; and (3) the quality of estate, 

 or the mode in which it is to be enjoyed. 



1. All real estates not being of copyhold tenure [COPYHOLD], or 

 what are called customary freeholds, are either of freehold or less than 

 freehold. The former may be divided into two kinds ; freeholds of in- 

 heritance, and freeholds not of inheritance. Freeholds of inheritance 

 admit of a further subdivision, into inheritances absolute, called fee 

 simple, and inheritances limited, called qualified or base fees, and 

 fees conditional. A freehold of inheritance absolute of fee simple 

 is the largest estate which the law allows to a subject ; the owner 

 may freely dispose of it to whom he pleases in his lifetime by deed 

 or by will, and if he dies without making any disposition, it descends 

 to such of his kindred as the law marks out as his heir. 



A qualified or base fee has some qualification or limit annexed, 

 which may determine the estate, as in the instance of a grant to A and 

 his heirs tenant! of the manor of Dale. Whenever A or his heirs cease 

 to be tenants of that manor, their estate is entirely determined, though 

 during its continuance the proprietor has the same rights and privi- 

 leges as if he were absolute tenant in fee simple. 



A conditional fee at common law was a fee restrained to some parti- 

 cular heirs exclusive of others, as to a man and the heirs male of his 

 body, by which limitation his lineal heirs female and collaterals were 

 excluded ; and this is the origin of estates tail. It was held that if the 

 donee, in the case supposed, had no heirs male of his body, or if, after 

 a male child was born, no alienation were made, the land should revert 

 to the donor on the failure of heirs male of the donee's body : in fact 

 for all purposes of alienation it was a fee simple, on condition that the 

 donee had male issue ; for it is a rule of law, that when any condition 

 is performed it is thenceforth entirely gone, and the thing to which it 

 was annexed becomes absolutely and wholly unconditional. The 

 nobility, however, being anxious to preserve their estates in their own 

 families, procured the Stat. Westm. the Second, 13 Ed. I., c. 1, com- 

 monly called the Statute de Donis Conditionalibus, to be made, which 

 enacted that the will of the donor should be observed, and that the 

 land should go to the heirs specified, if there were any, or if none, 

 should revert to the donor. Thus the donor acquired an estate in 

 reversion, which could only be allowed, consistently with the nature of 

 estates in reversion, by considering the conditional fee to be changed 

 into a limited, or, as it is called in technical language, a particular 

 estate. This kind of estate was called an estate tail, from the word 

 tattiare, to cut, being as it were a portion of the whole fee. Means 

 were soon however discovered by the ingenuity of the lawyers to 

 enable the donee and his heirs of the specified description to cut off the 

 entail, as it was called. [CONVEYANCE ; FINE ; RECOVERY.] 



A freehold, not of inheritance, is an estate which the owner has for 

 his own life only, or the life of some other person, or until the happen- 

 ing of some uncertain event. The following are instances : A gift to 

 A until B returns from Rome ; but if the gift had been to A and his 

 heirs until B returns from Rome, the estate would have been a qualified 

 or base fee; and if B had died without returning from Rome, would 

 have become a fee simple absolute. Some freeholds not of inheritance, 

 arise from operation of law, as tenant in tail after possibility of issue 



