913 



ESTRA'NGELO. 



ETHER. 



974 



sufficient dead wood upon the estate ; and a tenant, although he may 

 cut down and take sufficient wood to repair pales and fences as he 

 found them, cannot do so to make new ones. 



A rector may also cut down wood for the repair of his parsonage- 

 house or the chancel, and even for any old pews which belong to the 

 rectory ; and, like other tenants for life, he is entitled to estovers for 

 repairing the barns and out-houses belonging to the parsonage. 



Bracton uses the word estovers in a different sense, viz., as the 

 sustenance, which a man committed for a felony is to have out of his 

 lands and goods for himself and family during his imprisonment ; it 

 also occurs in the statute 6 Ed. I. c. 3, as an allowance of meat or 

 cloth ; but the more common and usual signification by which it is 

 known to lawyers has been already stated. (Woodfall, Landlord and 

 Tenant ; Comyn.) 



ESTRA'NGELO, or ESTRANGHELO, is the name of the most 

 ancient of the three kinds of characters used in writing the Aramman 

 or Syriac language. The alphabet so called, of which there is a copy 

 in the Prolegomena to Walton's ' Polyglot,' p. 11, is distinguished by 

 the stuluo** and angular forms of the letter* from that found in all 

 printed Syriac books, which is denominated facitto (that is, simple), or 

 sertto (linear). A character nearly resembling the Estranghelo is 

 stated to be still commonly used in writing by the Nestorians and some 

 of the MelchiUe. It is believed to have been originally common to all 

 the nations or tribes speaking any Chaldaic dialect. The Syriac gram- 

 marian* also enumerate a third alphabet, which they designate the 

 eefifo (meaning the duplicated), or the messttariono (the split) ; but 

 this is merely an alphabet of what we should call open letters, used 

 for ornamental purposes. 



8e ' Grammatica Syriaca, give Chaldaica, Georgii Michaelis Aminc 

 Fdnv")W e Libano,' 4to, Rom. 1596, cap. i., where copies of all the 

 three alphabets are given. 



ESTRAY, any valuable tame animal found wandering at Urge within 

 any manor or lordship, and whose owner is unknown. Having been 

 impounded, and proclaimed in the church and the two nearest market- 

 towns on a market-day, it becomes, if not claimed in a year and a day, 

 the absolute property of the king, an lord paramount of the soil, though 

 generally the lord of the manor or liberty is the special grantee of the 

 crown. Anim.l upon which the law sets no value, as a dog or a cat, 

 or such as are of a wild nature, as a fox or a wolf, cannot be taken as 

 estrays. Swans may be taken as estrays, but no other fowl. The 

 king or the lord does not acquire the absolute property in the estray 

 until toe full expiration of the year and a day, which runs from the 

 first proclamation, and not from the seizure; therefore if it escape 

 before the time to another manor he cannot reclaim it. 



The king or the lord is bound to take care of the estray, and find it 

 in provision ; he must not use it, but is liable to an action for so doing, 

 though he may milk a cow or the like, for that tends to the preser- 

 vation of the animal, and is necessary. The owner on the other hand, 

 if he claims within the time allowed, must pay the charges of finding, 

 keeping, and proclaiming the estray. 



It may be observed, that if any person not being entitled to estrays, 

 finds and takes care of another's property, the owner may recover it or 

 its value without being obliged to pay for the expenses incurred in 

 keeping it. 



ESTREAT, from the Latin word trfraetam, is a true copy or note 

 on the rolls of a court of some original writing or record, especially of 

 fines and amerciaments which are to be levied by a bailiff or other 

 ofieer. In all case* of felony or misdemeanor where persons bound by 

 recognisance either to appear themselves, or for the attendance of any 

 witness on trials of felonies or misdemeanors, neglect to do so, the 

 recognisance become* forfeited ; an officer of the court, whose duty it 

 is at the end of the assize or session, prepare* a list of the defaulters, 

 and when the same has been approved by the judge presiding, the fine 

 or forfeiture mentioned in the recognisance is said to be estreated or 

 certified into the Exchequer, and process is awarded for its recovery. 



These fines, when levied, are paid into the Treasury, or the lords of 

 the Treasury may, if they think fit previously to the issuing of the 

 ur ocean, *tay the execution and remit the fine. 



The barons of the Exchequer were also empowered by a standing 

 writ of privy seal to discharge, mitigate, or compound forfeitures 

 estreated into the Exchequer from other courts ; and by the 4th 

 Oeo. III. c. 10, they are also authorised, upon affidavit and petition, 

 to discharge estreated recognisances and forfeitures, except those 

 incurred before justices of the peace. 

 KTl'HIXG. [EsoRAVi.v;.] 

 ETK.SIAN \VINI>S. [WijM.] 



KTHAL, a substance separated from spermaceti by Chevreul. It is 

 a solid, fusible at nearly the same point as spermaceti, and on cooling 

 crystallise* in plates. It is insoluble in water; but in alcohol at 

 160* Fahr. it is much more soluble than spermaceti. Ethal is sus- 

 ceptible of union with various bases, with which it forms salts or soaps. 

 [CEl of rrlyl.] 



KTHAI.IC ACID. [PALMITIC ACID.] 



KTM.M.'iNE. [PALMnosi] 



ETHANIM, D'SHK like Zif and Bul.'is an ancient Hebrew name of 



the month called now Tisri, the first month of the civil year. These 

 are nowhere named in the Bible, except in two chapters of the 



first book of Rings : Ethanim is in ch. viii. v. 2, and it is there called 

 the seventh month of the year, which place it held in the calendar 

 until the middle of the 4th century A.D., when the commencement of 

 the year was altered from spring to autumn. According to some Jewish 

 authorities this change was made with a view to restoring an original 

 form of the calendar said to have been in use from the creation of the 

 world, which was believed to have occurred at the autumnal equinox ; 

 and this appears to be the view of the Chaldee paraphrast of the verse 

 above mentioned, who renders it " In the month which they [anciently] 

 called the first month, and which is now the seventh." Buxtorf, who 

 quotes this passage from the Targum, says that the old usage ceased 

 after the Exodus. 



The word Ethanim appears to be derived from li^TH. strong, rough. 

 It is also said to signify ' running streams.' There is no evidence of 

 its having been used since the days of Nehemiah, though the name 

 Tisri, now in use, which must signify ' a beginning,' from the root 



mil?, could hardly have been adopted before the alteration of the 



calendar, many centuries after Nehemiah ; and even if we stretch our 

 confidence in the tradition so far as to admit of a more ancient calendar 

 in which the year began in autumn, a word which implies ' beginning ' 

 could hardly have continued in use for the appellation of a month 

 occurring in the middle of the year. 



ETHER, Medical Properties of. It is intended here only to notice 

 the medical uses of ethers long known, with a few of those more re- 

 cently introduced. The first to be treated of, after giving a brief 

 general view of their modes of action on the human system, is sulphuric 

 ether, which is always understood to be the one indicated when the 

 term ether is employed absolutely. The German chemists and thera- 

 peutists designate them naphtha, a term liable to cause them to be 

 confounded with bitumen*. Ethers present the most perfect examples 

 of volatile stimulants, being unequalled for rapidity of action, when 

 immediate aid must be imparted to the muscular system, especially 

 the involuntary muscles, by augmenting the nervous power, and by 

 quickening its development. Whether they effect this by a direct 

 impression on the nerves, or by previous absorption into the circula- 

 tion, it is very difficult to determine, since most of them are absorbed 

 so rapidly as almost instantly to mix with the circulating mass. They 

 bear the greatest resemblance to alcoholic stimulants ; but are distin- 

 guished by more instantaneous effects. These however are more 

 transient, and a more frequent repetition of the dose is therefore 

 required. Fatal results are less likely to follow from large doses of 

 ether than of alcohol, a fact which can only be accounted for by the 

 exce** being more speedily thrown out of the system, especially by 

 pulmonary and in some degree by cutaneous exhalations ; for the more 

 highly carbonised constitution of ether would lead us to expect a 

 contrary result. This furnishes the propef 1 guide for the treatment of 

 rssrn of poisoning by them, namely, placing the patient where he may 

 respire as pure air as possible, and in the light, carrying on artificial 

 respiration if needful, occasionally dashing cold water on the face and 

 temples, and cautiously using venesection or cupping. Transmitting a 

 galvanic current of a moderate force along the eighth pair of nerves is 

 often beneficial. Perseverance in the use of these means for hours is 

 frequently successful. Sulphuric ether is the most powerful of 

 etherial preparations, and therefore of diffusable stimulants. It is 

 distinguished from the others likewise by having less secondary 

 Ant* upon the system. Hence it is more employed for its primary 

 effects than for both primary and secondary effects. It ia of a peculiar, 

 strong, penetrating, rather agreeable odour ; the taste is at first cooling, 

 afterwards hot, leaving a feeling of dryness in the mouth and throat. 

 Its volatility is very great, and though it does not excite redness of 

 the mucous membrane of the stomach in a moderate dose, yet being 

 quickly changed into vapour by the heat of that organ, it causes con- 

 traction of its muscular coat, and expulsion of gas, thus acting as a 

 carminative, or it produces most painful distension if that viscus be 

 not powerful enough to resist its local action, and is followed by 

 slight cerebral excitement, and even a feeling similar to intoxication 

 may jbe experienced, which however soon passes off, without leaving 

 any marked depression ; though a disposition to sleep, and sometimes 

 tendency to perspiration, are the ultimate consequences. The lungs 

 are the common channel by which it is eliminated ; this ether having 

 less influence on the kidneys or skin than the other sorts. If spaani, 

 irregular action, or debility of the organs of circulation, respiration, or 

 digestion, existed previous to its administration, these generally dis- 

 appear speedily, or are alleviated by its use. Hence it ranks as an 

 antispasmodic of the highest kind. It is therefore resorted to in all 

 cases of imminent danger, from difficulty of breathing, colic, flatulence, 

 and deep depression, such as occurs in cholera Asiatica, or the later stages 

 of fever. In relieving paroxysms of asthma it is unrivalled, and may be 

 inhaled along with the vapour of warm water, or by being dropped 

 on a portion of sugar held between the teeth. Like all stimulants, 

 habit diminishes its influence on the system, so that the dose requires 

 to be greatly increased. So much as two ounces have been taken 

 by an adult in twenty-four hours. This is hazardous, and the neces- 

 sity for it may be diminished by alternating sulphuric ether with some 

 of the other ethers, which, though little known or used in this country, 

 are found very effectual by the German, French, and American prac- 

 titioners. An increase of our etherial preparations would be a valuable 



