1009 



EXHAUSTING SYRINGE. 



EXHIBITIONS, INTERNATIONAL. 



1010 



same order ; and, in like manner, the summaries of property in Wilts 

 and Dorset are classed together. 



The manuscript begins with the " Inquisitio Geldi," or taxation of 

 the hundreds of Wiltshire, of which it contains no less than three 

 copies, the third seeming to be a corrected edition of the other two. 

 The taxation of the hundreds of Dorsetshire follows, and after it those 

 of Devonshire, Cornwall, and Somersetshire. The Inquisition for each 

 hundred states 1, the total number of hides : 2, the number held by 

 the king and his barons in demesne, with an enumeration of those for 

 which the tax was not paid; 3, the number of hides for which the tax 

 was paid, and its amount ; 4, the tax in arrear, and the reasons for its 

 BO remaining. Throughout, the geld or tax is computed at the rate of 

 6*. for every hide. 



Upon collating the returns of lands which form the great body of 

 the Exeter Survey with the Exchequer Domesday, they have been 

 found, with a few trifling variations, to coincide ; one entry of property 

 alone being discoverable in the Exeter which is omitted in the Exche- 

 quer Domesday, relating to Sotrebroc in Devonshire. The Exeter 

 manuscript, however, is not complete in its contents. There are con- 

 siderable omissions of lands in Wiltshire, Dorsetshire, and Devonshire ; 

 but these have evidently been cut out and lost. In Cornwall every 

 manor mentioned in the Exchequer occurs in the Exeter Domesday. 

 One leaf of this record was accidentally discovered in private possession 

 within these few years, and has been restored to the manuscript. In 

 the spelling of the names of places and persons there is a remark- 

 able difference between the two records. The names of tenants in 

 King Edward's time are far more numerously preserved in the Exon 

 than in the Exchequer Domesday. In the systematic arrangement of 

 the subject matter, the Exchequer Domesday bears unquestionably a 

 decided preference over the Exon Domesday. Occasional insertions in 

 the margin of the Exon Survey are entered in the text in that of the 

 Exchequer. The lands of the great barons, also, in the Exon Survey 

 are in a few instances intermixed. In folio 161 of the Exon, although 

 the title of the lands described is " Terra Abbatis Glastingheberiensi.s 

 in Devenescira," yet in fact there is only one of the manors in that 

 county ; the rest are all in Somersetshire, and are entered as such in 

 the Great Domesday. On the contrary, in folio 194 of Exon, the 

 " Terra Ecclesiarum qua; date sunt Sanctis in elemosina," from all 

 that appear* on the face of the record are in Somersetshire, whereas 

 they are really in Devonshire, and are so placed in the Exchequer 

 Domesday. 



The most striking feature, however, of the Exeter Domesday, in 

 which it uniformly supplies us with additional knowledge to that in 

 the Exchequer Survey, is the enumeration of live stock upon every 

 estate ; there is an account of the number of oxen, sheep, goats, horses, 

 and pigs, exactly in the same manner as it is given in the second volume 

 of the Great Domesday. The reason for omitting this enumeration in 

 the breviatetl entries of the first volume of the Great Survey is self- 

 evident. The live stock was altering every day and year ; the enume- 

 ration of it, therefore, could be of no further use than for the exact 

 time when the survey was made. A comparison of this part of the 

 Exeter with the second volume of the Great Survey tends greatly to 

 corroborate the notion that the returns of the counties of Essex, Nor- 

 folk, and Suffolk, were transcribed in full from the original rotuli, in 

 the same manner as the Exeter Domesday. The difference between 

 the two surveys as to diction, when they agree in sense, is likewise 

 remarkable. 



The utility of this record for the purpose of comparison with the 

 Exchequer Domesday is obvious. The Exeter Domesday was pub- 

 lished with several other surveys nearly contemporary, by order of the 

 Commissioners upon the Public Records, under the direction of Sir 

 Henry Ellis, in a volume supplementary to the Great Domesday, folio, 

 London, 1816. 



EXHAUSTING SYRINGE. [AIR-PDMP.] 



EXHAUSTIONS, METHOD OF. [GBOMETRY or THE GREEKS.] 

 EXHIBIT. A deed or writing proved by a witness or admitted by 

 the parties to a suit in court. The documents attached to affidavits, 

 as referred to in or verified by them, are also termed exhibits. 



IUBITIONS, INTERNATIONAL. The international exhibi 

 tions of the last few years, in London, Dublin, New York, and Paris 

 following the national exhibitions held in these or other places, have 

 had an important influence on the advancement of manufacturing art 

 and in the application of tasteful design to articles in every-day use 

 How far this influence has extended may be a disputed point ; but no 

 thinking person can regard it as otherwise than beneficial, so far as 

 it goes. It may be well therefore to give brief notices of the principa 

 of these exhibitions, beginning with that at Hyde Park in 1851. 



Ortat Exhibition 0/1851. This was the first international display 

 of manufactures ; the first exhibition of the industry of all nations. 



The proposition for a great exhibition of national manufactures t 

 be held at intervals of three or more years seems to have originate! 

 in 1846 with the Society of Arts, of which Prince Albert was presi 

 dent. On iU first announcement the project was coldly received, am 

 some three years were suffered to elapse before it was again brought 

 distinctly before the public. Meantime the annual exhibitions of th< 

 society were rendered more attractive, and manufacturers and com 

 mercial men began to feel increased interest in the proposal. By thi 

 beginning of 1849 the council of the society had matured a plan, o 



AB1S ASD SCI. DIV. VOL. IU. 



which, in March of that year, they published an outline. The society 

 now petitioned parliament for pecuniary aid. Prince Albert, who had 

 all along warmly supported the proposal, conceived that the time had 

 arrived for imparting to it a much more magnificent form, by throw- 

 ing the exhibition open to the industry of the world. The council 

 adopted his suggestion, and measures were taken for enlisting in behalf 

 of the scheme the sympathies of manufacturers. The idea of an inter- 

 national exhibition of industry at once seized the general mind. At 

 ;he preliminary meeting held in the city under the presidency of the 

 Liord Mayor for the purpose of publicly enunciating the scheme, it was 

 received with the utmost favour, and the provinces speedily gave in 

 iheir cordial adhesion. Upon the suggestion of Prince Albert, appli- 

 cation was made to the government for the appointment of a royal 

 commission for managing an exhibition of the works of industry of all 

 nations ; and a royal warrant was accordingly issued in January, 1850, 

 appointing such a commission, with Prince Albert as its president. At 

 ;he first meeting of the commission, a provisional contract which had 

 been entered into with Messrs. Munday, for erecting a building, was 

 annulled on terms mutually arranged; and plans on a much larger 

 scale were laid. The commissioners now appointed (January 24) a 

 building committee, to whom was entrusted the entire arrangements 

 For providing a suitable edifice. On the 25th of January a great 

 meeting was held at the Mansion House, at which the hearty adhesion 

 of various influential merchants and manufacturers was announced, 

 and a general subscription was inaugurated with a view to raising funds 

 for meeting every kind of outlay connected with the undertaking. It 

 was followed by corresponding meetings in every part of the country, 

 and it was soon made evident that ample funds would be furnished. 

 In fact a total of very nearly 80,000?. was ultimately reported to the 

 commissioners as subscribed, though only 67,896?. were paid into their 

 bankers upwards of 11,200?. having been somehow absorbed in the 

 several localities as expenses. On the 21st of February, the com- 

 missioners were able to make a public announcement of the general 

 plan of the exhibition, and to communicate the royal permission to 

 hold it in Hyde Park. 



The site granted for the building was on the south side of Hyde 

 Park, between Kensington Drive and Rotten Row. The commission- 

 ers announced that the building would cover an area of from 16 to 20 

 acres ; that it must be ready for the reception of goods by the 1st of 

 January, 1851; that from that day to the 1st of March following goods 

 would be received ; and that the Exhibition would be open to tho 

 public on the 1st of May, 1851. In MarCh 1850 the Building Com- 

 mittee appealed to architects and engineers to assist them with sketches 

 and suggestions as to the form and general arrangements of the 

 building required for the Exhibition. This appeal was responded to 

 by a large number of professional men, including several foreign 

 architects. The commissioners, however, were unable to recommend 

 any one of the designs for adoption, and ultimately Mr. (now Sir 

 Joseph) Paxton proposed an entirely new plan, that of a vast building 

 of iron and glass resembling in its general principles the great con- 

 servatory he had constructed for the Duke of Devonshire at Chatsworth. 

 With the general public it from the first became popular, and as soon 

 as the contractors, Messrs. Fox and Henderson, undertook its erection 

 upon terms which removed all doubt of its economy as well as 

 practicability, the commissioners determined upon adopting it, and 

 accepted Messrs. Fox and Henderson's tender. They were to receive 

 79,800?., and the materials of the building were to remain their 

 property. 



From this time all proceeded rapidly and smoothly. The contract 

 was signed on the 26th of July ; on the 30th the contractors obtained 

 possession of the site ; on the 26th of September the first column of 

 the building was erected, and on the 4th of December the first rib of 

 the transept was raised ; by the 31st of December the building was 

 sufficiently advanced to allow of a lecture being delivered within it to 

 the members of the Society of Arts ; and on the 3rd of February, 

 1851, the completed building was formally handed over to the Execu- 

 tive Committee. 



Its entire length was 1851 feet its breadth 408 feet, with an 

 additional projection on the north side, 936 feet long by 48 wide. Tho 

 central portion was 120 feet wide by 64 high; on either side of this 

 was another portion 72 feet wide by 44 high ; and the north and south 

 portions were 72 feet wide by 24 high. The whole building, from the 

 ground-plan to the ridges of the roof, was a repetition of certain regular 

 forms ; and, one portion having been first thoroughly modeled, was a 

 matter of simple arithmetical calculation, and consequently from the 

 hour when the contractors commenced their work, from the simplicity 

 of the plan and the singularly small number of castings required, all 

 the parts were prepared and adjusted to each other with almost 

 mechanical regularity and precision. The colouring of the building 

 was entrusted to Mr. Owen Jones, already well known by his works on 

 the Alhambra. How admirably the building answered its purpose, 

 what new and elegant combinations of form, light, and shade and 

 colour, both the exterior and interior offered to the eye, or what ;i 

 magnificent and surprising appearance it presented as a whole, whether 

 regarded externally, or when, looking down its unrivalled vista, with 

 its rich and varied contents, from one of the end galleries, few of our 

 readers need to be told. 



As soon as provision had been made for tho building, the com- 



3 T 



