1017 



EXILE. 



EXPECTORANTS. 



1018 



consisted of the costliest and most exquisite specimens of medueval 

 goldsmiths' work, arms, armour, and every kind of artistic metal work; 

 majolica, Dresden, Sevres, and other pottery; Venetian and other 

 rare glass ; ivory carvings ; bronzes, and terra cotta sculpture, &c. &c., 

 with extensive collections of Oriental ornamental produce formed by 

 the Queen and the East India Company; and entire collections 

 selected as characteristic of the treasures in ornamental art, of the 

 British and South Kensington Museums ; the entire Soulages col- 

 lection ; and the Mayer collection of British, Celtic, and Anglo-Saxon 

 antiquities. 



The Exhibition, during the five months it remained open, received 

 above a million and a quarter visits (1,335,915) one million (1,053,538) 

 by payment at the doors, the rest by season-tickets. The receipts 

 from all sources amounted to 98,500i., the entire expenditure was a 

 few thousands more, but it was pretty nearly covered by the sale of 

 the materials of the building. 



EXILE. [BANISHMENT.] 



E'XODUS, THE BOOK OF, is the second of the Pentateuch, or 

 Five Books of Moses, and derives its name from the principal event 

 recorded in it, namely, the departure of the Israelites from the land of 

 Egypt, which, in the Greek Septuagint translation, is expressed by the 

 word dxodus ("Eo8os), that is, the going out. In the original Hebrew 

 it is named, according to the usual Jewish mode, from the initial words, 



mZ2t7 nvSI ualh sltmut, or, as read with the Masoretic points, 

 Ve-elleh shemoth, " and these are the names." The king, Pharaoh (a 

 general Egyptian appellation of royalty), for whom the Israelites built 

 the treasure cities, and by whom their male children were ordered to 

 be drowned (chap, i.), is usually considered by the commentators to be 

 RameBes, the eldest son of Sesostris ; and the Pharaoh whose army 

 perished in the Red Sea (xiv. 27) is supposed to be his son and suc- 

 cessor, Amenophis the Second, or according to others, the Third. The 

 Mosaic exodus is noticed by several ancient writers, but with brevity 

 and apparent contempt. The Egyptian historians, Manethon and 

 Chseretnun, as cited by Josephus (' Against Apion,' 1. i., c. 9, 11, 12), 

 state that 250,000 leprous people, and others afflicted with contagious 

 diseases, were banished from Egypt (' Exod.' xii. 39), " they were thrust 

 out of Egypt " by king Amenophis ; and that their chief was a priest of 

 Heliopolia named Moses, who furnished them with a system of religion 

 and laws. (See a similar account in Josephus, ' Hist.,' 1. v. c. 34 ; 

 Tacitus, ' Hist.,' 1. v. c. 3 ; Diodorug Sic. ' in Photii Biblioth.,' 1. xxxiv. ; 

 Justin, 1. xxxvi. c. 2.) 



The period over which the history in the book of Exodus extends 

 consists of 145 years, that is, from the death of Joseph (B.C. 1635) to 

 the formation of the tabernacle in the desert of Arabia (B.C. 1490), one 

 year after the exode in the year B.C. 14*1. Mr. Home, in his ' Intro- 

 duction to the Bible,' adopts the general opinion of commentators that 

 the book was written by Moses, yet he thinks that it cannot be deter- 

 mined at what time of his life ; but, as it is stated (xvi. 35) that " the 

 children of Israel did eat munna 40 years until they came unto the 

 borders of the land of Canaan," that is, on the banks of the Jordan, 

 opposite Jericho, when and where Moses died (' Gen.' xxxiv.), and, " as 

 things cannot be historically related," as Mr. Home observes, " until 

 they have actually taken place," it is evident that, if Moses is the 

 author, he must have written it immediately before his death (B.C. 1451). 

 Do Wette, and other writers of the rationalistic school, have earnestly 

 endeavoured to show that Moses could not have been the author ; but 

 beside* the express declaration of Moses himself, that he " wrote all the 

 words of the Lord " (' Exod. 1 xxiv. 4), Hengstenberg, Havemick, and 

 others, English as well as German, have very sufficiently controverted 

 their objections, and there have been constantly increasing verifications 

 among the discoveries in Egyptian antiquities. It must be observed 

 however that, among biblical critics and chronologists, a great difference 

 of opinion exists as to what date should be assigned to the departure 

 of the Jews from Egypt. 



EXORCISM (t^apfttTiitt), the form of adjuration, or charging upon 

 oath, by which evil and malignant spirits are subjected to command, 

 or driven away : from the Greek exorkizen (ifopxiftt^. See Joannis 

 Wieri, 'De Prestigiis Dsemonum et incantationibus ac veneficiis 

 Libri v./ 8vo., Baa. 1566 and 1533 ; and the ' Manuale Exorcismorum,' 

 by Maximilian ab Eynatten, 8vo., Antw., 1619. 



KXu.SMOSE. [K.XDOSMOSE; OSMOSE.] 



KXUST03IS (W<rrvati) a swelling or tumour of a bone. This 

 term has been applied very generally to all tumours of the bones, 

 whether they partake of the characters of osseous structure or not. 

 This led to the distinguishing these swellings into true and false : the 

 f'/rm. r including true osseous structures; the latter the various forms 

 of cartilaginous tumour, spina ventosa, and those diseases of the perios- 

 teum and bone called by Sir Astley Cooper periosteal and medullary 

 exostosis. True exostosis is in fact nothing more than an hypertrophy 

 of the tismies which constitute the bone. Hypertrophy of a bone may 

 arise from natural causes, and is produced by anything which con- 

 stantly increases the action of a part. It is thus that the same actions 

 which increase the size of the muscles of a blacksmith's arm and a 

 dancer's leg will also be attended with an increased development of the 

 bony attachments of the same muscles. During rapid growth it some- 

 times happens that one part of a bone grows faster than another, from 

 some increased facility of nutrition in the part, and the consequence is 



an exostosis. This often occurs in the clavicle of children, but requires 

 no treatment, as subsequent growth removes the deformity. 



The more frequent cause of an exostosis, which does require treat- 

 ment, is the production of increased action of the part by the application 

 of some stimulus. It is difficult frequently, in bones, to trace the 

 increased action to the true cause. It sometimes, however, follows a 

 blow ; and some persons are so predisposed to take on this form of 

 action, that slight injuries are followed by exostoses. The structure 

 and density of exostoses vary much. Sometimes they exhibit a light 

 cellular structure, like the cancellated structure of bones, and are fre- 

 quently much lighter and more caucellar than ia ever observed in this 

 structure in its normal development. At other times the structure of 

 the exostosis is much harder than common bone, and possesses all the 

 characters of ivory. The cancellated structures sometimes attain a 

 considerable size, but the ivory exostoses seldom exceed the size of a 

 bean. The first are most common on the long bones, as the femur, 

 tibia, humerus; the last on the cranium, and bones of the face. 

 Sometimes the increased action of the tissue extends to the whole bone, 

 and every part is enlarged. Remarkable examples of such a thickening 

 of the whole of the cranium occur in the museums of the Royal College 

 of Surgeons and University College. 



Exostoses are easily distinguished from other swellings by their 

 being fixed and immoveable, and at first unattended with any pain or 

 inconvenience. They are also distinguished by the slowness of their 

 growth. Where exostoses are situated on parts of the skeleton in 

 which they do not interfere with other organs, they may be left to 

 themselves. Situated behind the knee-joint, they have been known to 

 interfere with the action of the flexor muscles. The growth of an 

 exostosis from the os-pubis has, by its pressure, rendered the urethra 

 impervious. An exostosis of the femur has been known to obliterate 

 the femoral artery ; in the orbit, to produce displacement of the eye. 

 Cases are recorded in which an exostosis of the cervical vertebra; has 

 obliterated the subclavian artery, and, extending backwards from the 

 lower jaw, has produced a fatal impediment to respiration by its press- 

 ing on the larynx. No kind of external treatment is beneficial in any 

 of the forms of exostosis ; and when, on account of their position, it is 

 thought right to treat them, they must be removed. The operation 

 consists in sawing or cutting away the bony tumor, which may be done 

 by a trephine, Hey's saw, or Liston's cutting pliers. Of course this 

 operation should only be performed when it can be done without 

 danger to neighbouring organs. Even when the whole of the pro- 

 jection cannot be removed, it will often be found of advantage to take 

 away a part. 



(Cooper, S., Pint Lines of Surgery ; Cooper, S., Dictionary of 

 Surgery ; Mayo, Outlinct of Unman Pathology ; Liston, Elcmenti of 

 Surgery.) 



EXOTERIC and ESOTERIC (iturepiitts and iffurepiK6s), literally 

 " external " and " internal," were two terms used in reference to the 

 writings and doctrines of many of the ancient Greek philosophers. 

 The general distinction between the classes of works called by these 

 respective names is this : the " exoteric " were those writings which 

 were hi a more popular form ; the " esoteric," those which were written 

 in a scientific and more exact form. The " esoteric " would of course 

 contain a true investigation of principles as then understood ; the 

 " exoteric " would exhibit philosophical systems in such a form aa the 

 mass were able and willing to receive. The " exoteric " writings conse- 

 quently accommodated themselves to popular prejudices and super- 

 stitions, this being the only safe way in which a certain amount of 

 philosophical truth could be conveyed to the vulgar. The " esoteric " 

 writings and doctrines were reserved for those who were far enough 

 advanced to understand them, and to form a just notion as to the 

 prevalent false opinions of the mass of the people. It is important to 

 bear in mind this distinction between " exoteric " and " esoteric " 

 doctrines in forming our judgment of the character and writings of the 

 ancient philosophers. [ARISTOTLE, in Bioa. Div.] 



EXPANSION. [HEAT.] 



EXPECTATION OF LIFE, a term applied to the mean or average 

 duration of the life of individuals of any given age. [LIFE, MEAN 

 DURATION OF.] 



EXPECTORANTS (from ex, out of, and peclus, the chest) are 

 medicinal agents, which, in certain conditions of the system, will, either 

 by promoting or repressing the secretion of the air-passages and of the 

 lungs, facilitate its expulsion. The articles which bear this name 

 differ considerably as to the means by which this end is accomplished. 

 They are chiefly derived from the vegetable kingdom, some being 

 gum-resins, or balsams, of a stimulating quality, while others are 

 possessed of nauseating or sedative properties; vapours also are ex- 

 pectorants, and may be either simple, as that of warm water, or 

 medicated with different impregnations. Vapours alone reach the 

 organs to be affected, and are therefore the only direct expectorants ; 

 the others being taken into the stomach must operate by sympathy or 

 some other obscure agency. 



From the differences in the nature of the substances regarded as 

 expectorants it is clear that they must operate in a very different 

 manner, according to the state of the system, the pathological con- 

 dition of the lungs, and the stage of the complaint. Great care is 

 necessary in selecting the particular agent suited to each case, and in 

 no set of diseases are greater errors committed by unprofessional 



