11 



FACTORIES; FACTORY-SYS < 



FACTORIES; FACTORY-SY8TKM. 



It 



! - 

 I . 



: . 



. . 



*,> 



440 



4,13.) 



21,150,010 I 271,181 



Mil 



MI; 



... 

 . 



31,618,716 tl,916 



109,814 34,135 



19.8111 ' 

 4.411 



939 

 IS 





4*5,707 



34,687 \ 



114,117 13,12! 196,085 



In this Uble, the hone-potcrr include* both steam-engine* and water- 

 wheel* employed in working the machinery in the factories ; they are 

 nearly in u>o ratio of four-fifth* steam-power to one-fifth water-power. 

 The term tkildm ia applied to those at and under 13 yean of ay- 

 18 to 18 the term applied is young />mn. Taking the \\\i- 

 United Kingdom in one entry, and regarding only the ages and nexes 

 of the persons employed, we find the following number* : 

 Male*. Females. 



Vain 13 



IS to 18 



Above II 



19,400 

 67.S64 \ 

 157, KG6 j 



11,722 r- 1J.132 

 Ii9,977 = 951,307 



ToUl 



245,130 a-15,399 



590,439 



In respect to females, one entry includes yon*g penotu and adullt, as 

 the same laws now apply to both classes. Of 100 persons working in 

 factories, 68 are females and 42 males. About per cent, of the 

 workers are under 13 years old. The next classification we Khali notice 

 is that which depends on the kind of operations carried on. There are 

 four classes, as follows : 



Spinning factor-let 2630 



Wearing factories 414 



Spinning and wearing- factories . . . 1009 

 Kot specified 504 



4600 



The fire principal kinds of materials employed in the factories, and 

 the persons employed in them, are distributed as follows : 



Cotton factoriei .... 1,932 



Woollen factories . . . . 1,497 



Wonted factories . . . 901 



Flax factories . . . . 393 



Silk factories . . . . 277 



4,600 



Persons. 



330,924 

 74,443 

 79,737 

 68,434 

 42,544 



496,082 



The number of factories here given (4600) is in excess of that given 

 in the first Uble (4380) ; this probably arose from some of the factories 

 being entered twice, in cases whore they worked mixed fabrirt ot 

 and woollen, or cotton and silk, or woollen and silk. It is proper also 

 to bear in mind that there are a few other discrepancies in the figures 

 for different years, not explained in the returns from which they are 

 taken. The cotton factories were rather less than half the whole 

 number, but employed more than half the entire number of operatives. 

 The average number of operatives in cotton factories was 120; the 

 vermin in all factories was 75. Out of the 1932 cotton factories. n<i 

 less than 1235 were in Lancashire ; out of the 1908 woollen and 

 worsted factories, no less than 1298 were in Yorkshire. It will l>u 

 seen that a remarkable parallelism exists in these numbers ; 64 per 

 cent, of all the cotton factories were in Lancashire, and 65 per 

 all the woollen and worsted factories were in Yorkshire. 



The factory legislation since 1844 has comprised five statutes. In 

 1846 a new Act came into operation, which brought calico-printing 

 works within the range of the inspectors. By the terms of another 

 Act, passed in 1847, the cliiMrtn .and yountj persom are to work not 

 more than eleven hours a day from July 1, 1847, and not more than 

 ten hours after the 1st of May, 1848. The same piovixions were made 

 In relation to women of whatever age ; and it thus arose that all 

 women, boys, and girls employed in factories were limited in their 

 hours of working, adult males being alone executed. Another Act, 

 passed in 1850, introduced a few minor changes, chiefly with a view to 

 prevent night- work in factories. In 1 853 on Act was passed making 

 r regulations touching the employment of young children it.- the 

 ,' nr night. It was enacted that, after the 1st of 8eptcml>. r in 

 that year, children should not begin work before six in the morning, 

 or remain at work after nix in the evening ; in the winter months the 

 hours might be from seven till seven, on due notice being given to the 

 sub-inspectors ; work to end on Saturdays at two o'clock. These regu- 

 lations, subject to exceptions under special circumstances, were to be 

 incorporated with such of the provisions of previous statutes as ware 

 not repealed <>r modified by them. In 1856 an Act was passed to re- 

 move doubt* concerning the statute of 1 844 in reference to mill-gearing ; 

 1.- mill-owners had interpreted this statute in one sense, the inspectors 

 in another ; and thereupon the new Act declared that the mill : 

 should only apply to such parts of the machinery as children, young 



persons, and women are liable to be Injured by, either In passing 

 r in their ordinary occupations in the factory. Very violent accusa- 

 tions and recriminations had arisen on this subject, and the 

 was intended to wttl. t! 



It will lx? seen, on reference to the articles I'. 



I'mvTixc), that strenuous efforts have been made to bring bleach- 

 works and dye-works under the same regulations as p 

 weaving factories and print-works. Much inquiry by commix- 

 and niiirli (Minting in parliament, were bestow > 



the periods between 1854 ami ]*.V. Kor a l>ricf ntatM tesults 



we refer to the articles above named. There was also, a! 

 1 857, a strenuous effort made by some of the factory operatives and 

 their advix-atnt in parliament to ol.tain a "ten hours' bill," but without 

 - 



MI; in former paragraphs given a few statistics of factories at 

 various date* since the eonm r factory legislation, -.- 



giwe a few more relating to 1856, the last year concerning win- 

 very exact enumeration nas been made ; for, it may be remarked, tin- 

 half-yearly reports of the inspectors usually advert to current events, 

 ami not to total results. The live kinds of f.u-tories for textile goods 

 (cotton, woollen, worsted, Max, :nul -ilk) were. -ill examined, throughout 

 every part of the t'nit.-.l Kingdom, and certain particulars were noted 

 down concerning all. These particulars, and the figures relating to 

 them, we will present in a more condensed form, sufficient for the 

 present purpose : 



Cotton . 

 Woollen 

 Wonted 

 Flax 

 Silk . 



3,310 28,010,217 



I.Slii ), T86.872 



131 1,124,549 



417 1,288,041 



400 1,093,799 





5,117 33,503,580 



198,847 97,112 157,186 132,037 179.2U 

 14,453 25,901 4.1, 41 11,108 70,091 



3H,9>6 14,904 30.033 



7,689 

 i,MO 



18,333 23,446 



169,205 161,431 



273,137 



17,771, 7,74 

 56,8 16, 80,262 

 39,2381 46,137 



409,160:682,497 



In reference to the several parts of the United Kingdom. .- 

 nothiK any separation of the different textile manufactures, the figure* 

 stood thus : 



England and ( 



; J 

 ScotUnd . 

 Ireland 



I LI i 1,04 - 

 154 738,166 



4,432 30,122,164 319,182 131,092 241,10s 330,708 572,077 



-' , U 



. - 



19,706 21,279 56,113 77,412 

 8,017 10,140 22,439 32,981 



The largest items of course relate to the cotton manufacture in 

 England and Wales. The figures are truly astonishing ; 2,060 factories, 

 26,000,000 spindles, 280,000 power looms, 86,000 horse-power for 

 moving machinery, 14,000 males employed under lit. 1 

 13, 10,000 females under l:t, and IMi.onn over 13. In the interval 

 between 1850 and 1856, the several items, as will be seen 01. 

 parison, varied very unequally among themselves. Taking four 

 ilitl'erent years, and three classes of factory operatives, it has been 

 found that the latter have changed somewhat in the relative per- 

 - II- : . 



Miles and 



Females Males Females 

 Years. under 13. over 13. over 13. 



1115 



1838 

 1850 

 1856 



II 

 6 

 I 



7 



I 



17 



U 



36 





50 

 55 



36 

 57 



- 100 



= 100 



--. 100 



= 100 



This seems to show that women have increased in number in factories 

 more rapidly than men, boys, or girls. 



In the article EuuRotm ii v .\xu Sr.wixu M.vrnix' 

 that shirt*, collars, and other kinds of ready made linen .-!! in 1. 

 are in a large degree -I l.y ma.-hineiy. \V. 



here add a few words on this subject in relation 



! where the fact l sought int. 



with it. The manufn< Manchester and Glasgow, ami tlie 



wholesale dealers of those towns and of the metropolis, have found oul 

 that the Irish peasant girls work very neatly with the needle, and aie 

 eager to obtain employment, mi linen, cotton, or mnlin work, whether 

 by the ordinary plying of tin- f l-y tambouring 



machines. Some of tin . own large establishments in lie 



land, where system is in part carried out. In and mar 



Londonderry alone tln'ie'ai. which 



sewing-machines are employed ; these machines are at present about 

 700 in number; and the working of them, with subsidiary operations, 

 employ 1800 women and girls. Taking one with another, these persons 



