If 



FAKIK. 



FALT.A. v 



i 



the fumlauienul dogmas of Christianity u an essential requisite for 







I'A Kl It. an Arabic word, meaning - ir." which u applied to tlu> 

 mmrtits- of several part* of the eastern world, lu this sense it in 

 rpooyntous with the Fenian and Turkish dervish. The word fakir U 

 chiefly used in India. There are fakir* who live in communities like 

 the monk* of the western world, and other* who live singly a* In i nut-. 

 or wander about exhibiting strange display* of *elf-penance and HI..M i 

 fication. Many of them an considered a hypocrite*, an<l oth 

 fanatics or idiots. [UKRVIMI.] 



FALCuXltY, r HAWKING, the rt ..f training and flying hawlu 

 to take other birds. Julius Firmicus, who lived in the middl. i the 

 4th century, is the firat Latin writer whu speaks of falconer* and the 

 art <>f t.-.i, IIMU- "iie species of bird to fly at and catch another. Tin- 

 art, however, had been, in all probability, practised in the Kant from 

 remote ages, whence it certainly came to Europe. 



From the Heptarchy to the time of Charles II. falconry was a 

 principal amusement of our ancestors in England : a person of rank 

 scarcely stirred out without a hawk upon his band, which, in old illu- 

 mination* and upon ancient seals, in the criterion of m.l.ility. Harold, 

 afterwards king of Kugland, is thus represented in the Bayeux tapestry, 

 when \ i-iting the court of William, duke of Normandy. 



In ' Domesday Book ' the practice of falconry is illustrated by 

 numerous entries. In several place* we find a sum, no lea* than ten 

 pound*, made the optional payment instead of finding a hawk 

 rDomeed.,' torn, i., fol. 134, b. 172, 230); and once, at Worcester 

 it- mi. i. 17-) a Norway hawk is specified. Aeries, or place* destined 

 fur the breeding or training of hawks, are entered in the Survey in 

 Huckiughanishire, Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, Herefordshire, 

 Shropshire, and, more frequently than in other counties, in Cheshire, 

 as well a* among the lands between the Kibble and the Mersey. 



were hawk* less prized at subsequent period". According to 

 Madox ('Hist Excheq.,' i. 273), in the 1 ith Hen. II.. Walter Cnot, one 

 of the king's tenants, rendered his rent at the exchequer in three 

 luwka and three girfalcon*. King John had also his hawks (1'at. I. 

 Job. ui. 2) ; and upon the Patent Roll of the 34th Hen. Ill 

 occurs of the letter which the king sent in that year to the king of 

 Norway for hawks. In the 34th Kiiw. III. it was made felony to steal 

 a hawk ; to take its eggs, even in a person's own ground, was punish- 

 able with imprisonment for a year anil a day, besides a fine at the 

 king's pleasure. In Queen Kliailicth's reign the imprisonment was 

 reduced to three months ; but the otl'cmler was to find security for his 

 good behaviour for seven years, or lie in prison till he did. (Pennant, 

 'Brit. ZooL,' 8vo, Lond., 1812, vol. i.. p. 212.1 



:ii entry upon the Originalia Rolls of the 35th Edw. III. 

 C Origin.,' vol. it, p. 267) it appears that a falcon gentil cost 

 tersil gentil Kb., a tersil lestour Or. iW., and a lanner 6*. W. : these 

 were the prices which the sheriff was to give for hawks fur the king's 

 use. In an account-book of the 20th Hen. VIII. a goshawk ami two 

 falcons are prized at 31., and five falcon* and a tersil at SI. Bert, in 

 hit Address to the Reader, prefixed to his ' Treatise of Hawkes and 

 Hawking,' published in 1619, says he " had for a goshawke and a 

 tarscll a hundred marks." 



Falconry was attempted to be revived by George, earl of Orfurd, 

 who died in 1781 ; and in Yorkshire, CoL Thornton had a hawking 

 establishment at a rather later period. Sir John Sebright and a few- 

 other gentlemen also practised it in Norfolk at the beginning of the 

 present century. A* a rural diversion, however, principally in conse- 

 quence of the enclosures, it has gone into disuse, though there are still 

 occasional attempt* made for its revival. 



A lint of the hawks which were most used by sportsmen in the tim- 

 of Charles I. i* given in Walton's ' Complete Angler ; ' and an explana- 

 tion of the words of art in hawking will be found in Latham's ' Falconry,' 

 4to, Lond., 1633. 



The earliest printed treatise on hawking in English is the ' Book of 

 St. Alban's,' fol., 1481, ascribed to Juliana Barnes or Bcmcrs, abbess of 

 SopwelL [BERXER8, Jl'LiANA, ill Hion. Div.) There are num. i.m 

 other and curious treatise* upon falconry both in French and Knglish, 

 some of them of very rare occurrence. ' Le Miroir de Phebus, avec 

 I'A it ile K.mconerie,' published at 'Paris in 8vo, without date, was the 

 first work il eject printed in the French language. 



FALL OF BoDIKS. I'nder thi* bead we propose simply to explain 

 the law* which regulate the fall of a material substance, siip)>o*ed 

 either to be allowed to drop or to be projected directly upwards or 

 downwards. The motion of a body projected in an oblique or hori- 

 zontal direction come* under PROJECTILES, TIIKOBT OK ; the nature of 

 the forces which cause the descent or retard the ascent, under ' 

 RATED MOTION, ACTKI.EHA; \TIO.\, ATI 



MACIIIM . <in IMTV, Ac. ; and the circumstance* which influen 

 or lew the results about to be specified, under PROJECTILES, RESIST- 

 TUK EAHTII, MOTION, LAWS or. 



The resistance of the air does not greatly affect the motion of bodies, 

 unless either 1, the bodies themselves be very light, a* in the case of 

 feather*, or, 2, the velocities be very great, as in that of a cam 

 The law according to which this resistance acts is not well ascertained 

 for great velocities, but for moderate velocities it is not far from the 

 truth to say that it is as the square of the velocity ; that is to lay, 

 whatever resistance there may be to a velocity of 10 feet per second, 



then U /our times as miu-h to :> feet per second, iW times as mueh 

 to 30 feet per second, and so 



Neglecting the resistance of the air, let us first suppose a body (say 

 a bullet) to be allow. .| to drop fi..m a height above the earth. The 

 law of it* motion is a- follows. It acquires velocity uniformly at the 

 rate of 32) feet par second ; that is, at the end of a quarter of a .- 

 it is in siieh motion ax would, were the action of the earth to cease, 

 cause it to describe 8._>, feet in a second. At the i ml of one . . .-- < 

 rate of motion is 32J feet per second ; .at the t-ml of two s, con 

 per second, and so on; that is, the fall of a body is a mil, 



ION. In the article just cited the : i.itiou 



is further explaineil. We shall here collect the : i 



< u-eted with th. M and ATT 



.M.M HIM for the manner in whieh th.- main fact of the aocel. 

 being :I2^ feet per second U proved and verified. 



Let</ = S2J 



.number of seconds during whieh th 



when the body has attained a \ r second, and de 



a length of feet. 



First, suppose the bullet simply to drop without any initial impulxe 

 being communicated. Then 



r=y', i=kat"-=lri, **=- 



Thus, either of the three. r.r,.<, living given, the others may lie found. 



Secondly, suppose the bullet to be projected downwards with 

 city of a feet per second : the consequence is still a uniform addition 

 of <j feet per second to the velocity, and we h.. 



v=a+yt, = o + 4y( : , *- 



Thirdly, suppose the bullet to be projected upwards with u \ 

 of a feet per second. The a< 

 loss of velocity at the rate of : 



the velocity of the bullet i* entirely destroy, d, after whieh it 

 to descend without any initial impulse, and we h 



During the ascent 



ami the height through which the bullet will ascend i> 



the time of doing which is <t -7- / seconds. After this the first case may 



Inii thi is not necessary, for the precodin 

 will continue to represent the relation.- whieh actually e\i-t. pi 

 that r, becoming negative, be interpreted as indicating that th 

 has taken place and the bullet has begun its descent, and also that e 



i-.-ted to mean that the descent 1 

 tinned until the bullet bos pa- b the point fiom which 



:"wn. ami fallen In-low it. For instance (xup|i.-ii! 

 simplicity), let a ballot be pn.j -'.< with a > 



-nd, where will it be, and at what rate will it lie moving, 

 end of ten seconds ? 



r=100 32 x 10 = - 220, or the bullet is moving ibirn iranlt nt the 

 rate of 220 feet per second. 



1= 100 x 10-4 x 32 x 10'= -600, or the bullet is 600 feet below the 

 [Kiint from which it was thrown upv. 



FALLACY, as defined by Archbishop Whately. is. my un 

 of arguing which appears to carry conviction and to be decisive .1 tin 



n in hand, when in fairness it is not. I >n in 



his ' Book of Fallacies' is this : " By th- name of fallacy it is 00 

 to designate any argument employed, or topic suggested, for the pur- 

 pose, or with a probability, of producing the effect of il. 



some erroneous opinion to be entertained -on to 



whose mind such argument may have been presented." Accordingly 

 if an argument be undesignedly vicious, and >ipt at 



iii.it i* more correctly termed a paralogism, and it is the in- 

 tention of fraud that constitutes the fallacy or sophism. Th 



i. a legitimate use of fallacy which is too often unnoticed by 

 on logic. Thus, in modern times Kant has ei. 



.1 for a purely scientific purpose ; and from IK 

 two np|Misite and conflicting inferred, not as is the 



deduction, that the hypothesis II|HUI which tin \ 



l< . I. ut that the truth is intermediate. In like maun 

 infer the inadequacy of sense to represent tin- truth 



iclusion that either a bushel of com must moke no i 

 falling, or else the fall of the smallest portion of a single grain must be 

 perceptible to the ear. Again, the famous ' Megorian fallacies 

 Heap and the Bald-head* (accrvus calvust. in v. hi. 1 

 these notions are incapable of any precise defx-rm, 

 igm-il to show that the distinctions of degree 



.uid P.alil-liead) are unavailable for phi ! s, and 



thereby to call attention to the difficulty of admitting in' 



Aristotle. i 



expose the diir.T.'iit fallacies whic:!i he : .tmala. 



((To^fo-^oro). He divides them into t!i .';> rrit 



A{it), where the fallacy is in the process of reasoning, ami th 

 (rafii T7)? Af'JiK) 



v the schoolmen l>ccn e.-ill. .' 1. Dr. 

 Whatcly proponcH the ternui logical and non lo^i. i ; which tenniuology 



