FALLOW. 



i M SBTTO 



20 



It is taiiliil br wane old-fashioned farmer* that the plough alone 

 it tuffictent for all tho purpow* ol fallowing. Thii i* a gnat error, 

 which load* to useless and unnm***ry labour. We would almost *ay 

 that ploughing the fallows U never ne canary, except to enable the 

 drag* and harrow* to tir the land. The first ploughing of the tubbl 

 cannot be ton challow. and th harrow* should be *et to work before 

 the wet weather *et in. When the surface in beoome mellow and 

 clean, the land may be ploughed deep, and the soil below should ! 

 brought up ami exposed to the air and front all the winter. In spring the 

 drag should begin the work again before the toil i> hard. It m 

 be ploughed in narrow ridge* right aero** the old stitches, or obliquely, 

 and left for the influence of cummer. The drags will level n: 

 ridges when the manure U to be put on ; and this being ploughed, the 

 land is f.t to receive the seed, if wheat is the crop intended. If it a 

 left for barley, it must have another ploughing in spring. and be well 

 harrowed before the seed is sown, especially if this U done by the 

 drilling-machine. The clover or grass-seeds may be sown immediately 

 after, and the land lightly rolled. There is no danger of making it too 

 fine in spring. Without a fine tilth no good barley can be expected. 



No account { fallow operations would be complete without a re- 

 ference to the Lois-Weedon system of cultivation, in which the Her. S. 

 Smith, incumbent of that pariah, lias improved upon the system of 

 Jethro Tull, and been enabled to grow excellent successive crops of 

 wheat in the same field for more than a dozen years. It is by far the 

 most notable illustration of the fertilising influence of mere fallow 

 operations which this country exhibits, and it is a remarkable tiling 

 that a practice of such proved profitableness does not more rapidly 

 extend. The following remarks descriptive of it are taken from the 

 ' Agricultural Gazette.' 



" The Her. Samuel Smith has now had thirteen successive crops of 

 wheat off the same field ; the last was 38 bushels, the previous one was 

 40, the one before was 36, the one before that was 37, ' and of prior 

 years, beginning with 1847, the average yield may be safely given ;it 

 34.' It is not that the land is particularly fertile ; it ' is really nothing 

 but the ordinary heavy wheat land of the oolitic formation. Thousands 

 and ten thousands of acres of the same quality extend across the 

 country from the coast of Dorset to the Humber ; and the rent of 

 such land is under 80., being lower by 20s. at least thnn the red land 

 of the county.' These results have not been kept a secret : they have 

 been published far and wide first, when agriculture was in difficulties, 

 as ' A Word in Season,' * for such it surely was when we were all 

 desponding over the gloomy prospect of wheat at less than 107. a 1< >ad ; 

 and it told us bow 34 bushels of wheat could be grown perpetually on 

 every acre of wheat land for less than 71., 21. of which were rent. And 

 these results have been published and republished, now a sixteenth 

 time, still as a ' Word in Season,' for such it will continue to be, not 

 only when farm profits are difficult, but so long as they are desirable. 

 Lois-Weedon practice and experience are very generally known. la 

 the account of them incredible ? Those who only know of them by 

 hearsay or mere rumour may perhaps plead unbelief. Hardly any one, 

 however, who has read the tract describing them can do so a simpler, 

 clearer, more straightforward statement never yet was written in the 

 English language ; and no one who knows either the locality or the 

 author can doubt it for a moment. It U perfectly true that for the 

 last eleven years nearly 85 bushels per acre have beeu annually grown 

 upon the same land without manure, at an average annual coat, in- 

 cluding rent and taxes (2?. 4. 3rf.), of 71. S>. 9rf. The Lois-\\ 

 mode of growing wheat consists essentially in the deep cultivation 

 (luring the growth of the crop) of wide fallowed intervals between 

 adjacent triplet rows which intervals are the seed-bed of next year's 

 produce. A* you walk arrow the field you traverse alternate strips of 

 plant and fallow three rows a foot apart and then a yard-wide M ink. 

 These blanks being deeply and diligently cultivated during the autumn, 

 winter, spring, and even summer, while the plant is sprouting, growing, 

 and even maturing, are at once the feeding ground of the growing 

 crop, and the store-house of food for the triplet rows of plants which 

 next year they are to bear. These triplet rows thus yield a good 

 average crop per acre annually and perpetually on what is really tho 

 moiety of the acre where they grow. That is the fact. Why is ft not 

 more generally acted on f It is not incredible. Those fallow' in 

 though unmanured directly by the hand of man, an' in directly abund- 

 antly nipplied with the f<**l the wheat-plant needs. 

 manures and mineral manures are added in abund ainv. T 

 fertility of the soil in iniiinjiajred is proved by the inclosing crops it 

 yield*. The deep and frequent tillage brings the matter of the sub- 

 soil and the soil more thoroughly under the action of II 

 ami the air, anil the silicates, and phosphates, and alkalies of v. !n<-!i 

 the (tore i* practically inexhaustible, am made ready in almnd. 

 the use of the growing plant. The porou* and friable condition of ;|,, 

 land, too, under this treatment is just *uch as enal 

 and retention of the largest quantity of the ammonia of the air. and 

 this accordingly i* also furni*hed in al.nndan '..wing plant, 



as wrll a* stored up for the next year's cro|,. There is thus u 

 in the experience, when considered ..|..n/ with the |.ra< -tic.-, rendering 

 it inherently improbable; or requiring us to look with in. i 



* \v., r .: in -r i-oti, or How to Orow Wheat with ProBt.' Dj- lh author 

 of ' LAifcWtcduB: Hnb,,drj-.' siitrcnth <litii.n. J. ludgvar, Piccadilly. 



ordinary care for the mistake which has been made. We cannot but 

 believe that an experience at once *o consistent and so remarkable will 

 ultimately be more generally copied.'' 



FALSE IM I'i : I . an unlawful arresting or imprisoning, 



either without just cause, or without proper legal process. In whatever 

 manner the unlawful detention arises, it is false imprisonment for which 

 an action for damages lies. 



V. hen erroneous process issues out of a court having jm 

 the matter, a bailiff or officer who arrests a party in execution 

 may excuse himself in an action for false imprisonment by sli 

 that the court had jurisdiction; but if the court out of whii h the 

 process issues has no proper cognisance of the cause, then, as the whole 

 proceedings ore roram Him judirr, the officer will be liable. 



If an arrest be made by one who is not a legal officer, or who has 

 not at the time a warrant, or is not named in it, it is a false imprison- 

 ment, for which an action lies. If a sheriff or his bailiff arrest a man 

 out of his county, or'upon a warrant of a justice whose commission 

 has expired, or arrests the wrong party, he is liable. 



Mere irregularities in lawful process may constitute false imprison- 

 ment ; but in such cases the judges will discharge the party upon con- 

 dition of his waiving his right of action. 



All persons concerned in a wrongful imprisonment' are liable in an 

 action of false imprisonment, and the party aggrieved may sue any one 

 of them. Thus, if the plaintiff in a suit brings an unlawful war 

 the sheriff, or if he bring a good warrant but direct the sheriff to the 

 wrong man, the action will lie against both. 



Sheriffs and their officers, high bailiffs of the county courts, con- 

 stables, and other peace officers, are however protected from the con- 

 sequences of a mistake by a great variety of statutes. 



KA1.SE POSITION, a rule of arithmetic, which, though originally 

 applied to such questions ns ore soluble by equations of the first 

 degree, has been in modern writings, and upon principles explained in 

 APPROXIMATION and INTERPOLATION applied to equations of all degree*. 

 It is however of very little use, though of *ome notoriety, and a general 

 explanation will be sufficient. 



Let there be a function of .r, $ 3; which it is desired to make equal 

 to a, and firstly, let this function be such that successive r^nnl incre- 

 ments added to the value of x produce successive equal increments (or 

 decrements) in the value of tf> .r (which is, in fact, supposing that <f> x 

 is of the form m.r + n): assume two values for .T, say p and q, and let 

 the corresponding values of A.r be P and Q. If then (to use the easiest 

 form of speech) a uniform increase of x is accompanied by a uniform 

 increase of .<-, and if .r represent the value which makes <p x e.jual to 

 a, it follows that the interval between r and <J bears to that betv 

 and o the same proportion as the interval between p and a K 

 that between p and .r. Or .r can be obtained from the proportion 



p Q : j> g : : P a : p .<. 



If the preceding be not easily understood, the same proportion may lx> 

 immediately deduced from 



mp + n = r, mq + n = Q, nuc + n = a 



which follow from the several hypotheses made. 



When $>.' and .r do not increase uniformly together, it is i 

 theless true that they do go nearly when the successive inn 

 added to .r are very small. If then p and if can be found so that 

 Q are near to a, the use of the preceding proportion will produce a 

 value of .r which is nearer the truth than either p or q, and may be 

 substituted for either in a repetition of the process, win 

 produce a still nearer value. 



The rule of False Position, as thus extended, is simply Briggs's 

 and Newton's well-known method of approximating to the roots of 

 equations, with this difference, that instead of the differential co- 

 efficient of <t>f, the approximation (P (})-=- (p q) is used. The 

 equation of the first degree is one in which either method will ID 

 accurate result in one process ; but the notoriety of the rule of 

 Position arose out of its appearing that a couple of erroi 

 solutions, were made infallibly to give the right result : and thus it is 

 that Recorde says he can solve mathematical questions l>y taking the 

 of any children or idintswho may be in To persons 



ignorant of algebra there seem* to be a mystery in the living al 



lay two gnsww, however remote, to discover the tuith. 

 what is that number whose half, third, and fourth, together with 10, 

 make 62? Make any guess, say 12 : the half, third, and i,. M Hh 

 together with 10, moke W. which is wrong. Make another guess, say 

 tin, which produces 7S, also wrong. The difference of 



. 75 23 or 52, Ix-ars to the diderenr. ol the wrong .iKsunip- 

 BO li. or 48, tho same proportion as the excess <>i 



d result) bears to the excess of 

 truth. Hut . r i'2 : : 4S : ]:l : ]_', or 12 , is the > 

 truth, that is, the true answer is 48, ox may 



When the equation in of the form iiuc = a, one guet..- only will ,-uffice. 

 If the assumption of p give i>, or if ;/> = P, then !://:: 



r.\l.>rrri>. in Music, an Ita!. Dignifying a false or 



artificial voice, produced 



thus the vocal compass is C N out an octave higher. 



Italians call the falsetto < <ii t fiom the head; the 



natural voice vote di /vlin, or voice from the chest. 



