KASJ'AXUO. 



KAKM. 



to * particular province of th imagination, with which, however, it u 

 often frequently confounded in loose and inaccurate language, and to 

 which it U employed an equivalent Imagination differ* from con- 

 oeptioo either by the greater dwtinctiuw and vividneas of its images, 

 or else by combining toe manifold material! of experience into a new 

 and tnic unity. In the former caw it U merely reproductive ; in the 

 Utter creative, and becomes fancy : 



" Of all external thinjt. 

 Which the fire watchful KI>M* rrpreMBt 

 She forms imagination!, acrle >hape>." 



MILTOS, 1'ar. ]. 



Fancy is a higher energy of the mental activity than n>i.i^in.iti.<ii 

 imply, lit i,- nevertheless dependent upon it, since it i* the imagination 

 that furauhe* the material* out uf which it creates its phantasies either 

 by modifying or exaggerating them, or by forming new combinations, 

 and by a prosopopoeia investing its personification with the properties 

 of real beings. Imagination is necessary to authors generally, but both 

 imagination and fancy to the poet ; the latter presenting him with 

 those lofty speculations which comprise what has been termed the 

 ideal of art, and furnishing the link fur that enchainment of hi.- idea 

 which, rejecting the restraint of all general laws, is wholly dependent 

 U|H>U the peculiarities of the poet's mental temperament. 



FANDANGO, a quick dance in J or-J time, much admired and 

 practised in Spain, and supposed to be of Moorish origin ; though 

 Volney ascribes a far higher antiquity to it, believing it to have come 

 originally from Carthage, and thence by way of Home into Spain. The 

 probability however is that it was brought into Europe by the Arabians, 

 to whom certainly it may have been transmitted from remote ages. 

 Like many other dances, this is performed with more or less pro- 

 priety according to the degree of delicacy possessed by those who 

 practise it. 



FARM. A farm is a portion of laud which U set apart for cultiva- 

 tion either by the proprietor or by a tenant who pays a certain 

 stipulated rent for it. We shall consider it in this latter sense ; and, 

 without entering into the mode of cultivation, we shall notice the 

 circumstances which determine the profit that a tenant may reasonably 

 expect to make in return for his trouble and outlay. 



The first thing to be considered in taking a farm is the capital which 

 the tenant is possessed of, or of which he can procure the use at a 

 reasonable rate. If a man takes a farm without the means of stocking 

 it properly, and is restrained in his first outlay, he will never be able 

 to cultivate it with benefit to himself or to his landlord : he will be 

 obliged to sell his produce at a loss, to over-work his cattle, and to 

 keep a smaller quantity of stock, and consequently make less manure 

 than is required to keep the farm in a productive state. It is not 

 sufficient that he has the means of stocking the farm ; he must have 

 wherewith to pay the greater part of the whole expenses and the rent 

 for the first year. In the present state of agriculture, a man who tikes 

 a farm of 200 acres of arable land, or land partly arable and partly good 

 pasture, will require from 1600f. to 2000/. ; and it is not the interest, 

 either of the landlord or the tenant, that he should take the farm 

 unless he can command that sum. The amount of capital required 

 depends to some extent on the quality of the land ; very rich land may 

 require less capital in proportion to the rent than poor land, especially 

 if the poor hind requires draining, chalking, or marling, before it will 

 produce any tolerable crops. Nevertheless, the capital required may 

 under certain styles of cultivation be in proportion to itsJertility, for 

 when grazing is the rule, the stock needed will be in proportion to 

 the quantity of food to be consumed. All these circumstances must 

 be taken into consideration before a form is hired. 



AY hen it U ascertained what extent of farm may be safely under- 

 taken with ;i given capital, the most important object to be attended 

 to is the condition nnd fertility of the soil, not only with respect to 

 the natural quality of the land, but the actual state it is left in by the 

 preceding system of cultivation. A moderately fertile soil, in good 

 condition, will give a greater profit for several years than a better soil 

 which in irtially exhausted and rendered foul by injudicious manage- 

 ment and over-cropping. For this purpose it is necessary to ascertain 

 what has been the state of the crops for several years before, how the 

 land ban been ploughed, and whether 1 1 e been heavy with 



or without manure. There U no method yet found out of fully 

 ascertaining the comparative value of kind which has been exhausted. 

 It would be a question well worth the investigation of modern chemists, 

 who have made such progress lately in the analysis of vegetable sub- 

 stances, and would be invaluable to formers and proprietors of land. 

 In the mean time the nature of the word* which abound on the hind 

 will give some clue to its state ; and an experienced person will >>!!> . i 

 from various minute appearances in the soil whether it lias U .-n uhly 

 managed or exhausted. It is in general more advantageous to take a 

 farm in a district with which you are well acquainted. It will be a 

 great advantage if you have I. id an <>p|>ortuuity of seeing the Land at 

 oil times, observing it in different seasons and states of the weather, 

 and especially of seeing the crops threshed out, and ascertaining the 

 quantity of corn which is usually yielded from a certain quantity of 

 traw, for lauds vr-ry similar in outward appearance will produce a very 

 different return when the crops are threshed out. A want of attention 

 to these circumsUncen is the cause that a man who comes from a 



distant part of the country and hire* a farm on his own judgment 

 nldom succeeds so well as might be expected, even with a sujx -rior 

 knowledge of agriculture. He naturally compare* the soil with some 

 similar coil which he lias been acquainted with. If be comes from a 

 district where the soil is sandy, and where clay U in request, he will 

 give the preference to very stiff loams; if he cornea from a M 

 wet clay, he will prefer the sands; and the chance* are, that In- i- 

 mistaken in hi* judgment, and finds it out when he has already 

 embarked his capital in a losing concern. 



Next to the nature of the soil is to be considered the convenient 

 situation of the f.irm. the disposition of the fields, and the adap 1 

 of the farm buildings to the most profitable occupation of tin- lain I. 

 The roads, especially those whieh lead to neighbouring t<-uns. whence 

 manure may be obtained, are a most imp -1 if there is 



water-carriage, it greatly enhance* the value of the farm. The roads 

 to the fields, and the distance of these from the farm-yard ; the con- 

 venience of having good pant ure, or land easily laid down to grass, near 

 the homestead, and especially the situation of the farm-building 

 respect to the laud, and the abundance of good water, are all circum- 

 stances which must be well considered, and which will greatly influence 

 :h. probable profit*, and consequently the rent which maybe fairly 

 offered. A central situation is no doubt the most advantageous for 

 the farm-buildings, as greatly diminishing the labour in harvest and in 

 carrying out manure. But there may be circumstances which 

 some spot nearer the extremity of the hind more eligible, and it is 

 only when 'entirely new buildings are to be erected that the: 

 choice. The old farm-building* are generally in low and slu 

 situations, but it is a great inconvenience to have to carry tin- manure, 

 which is the heaviest thing carted on a farm, up a steep hill. The 

 best situation is on a moderate slope, neither hi the lowest nor highest 

 ground. 



The disposition of the buildings is of great importance both to the 

 landlord and tenant. Large straggling buildings are inconvenient, and 

 cost much in repairs. The house should be neat and couifortai 

 for the residence of a farmer who has a capital such as the farm 

 requires. The rooms should be airy and healthy, facing the 

 with a neat garden in front of the house. When the farmery 

 nected with the farm-house, there should be near the latter and the 

 farm-yard a small paved court separated from the yard by a low wall. 

 In this court, which should communicate with the dairy, the utc -nsils 

 may be placed on proper benches to air and dry in the sun. The 

 architecture of the buildings may be left to the taste of tl. 

 or his architect. The simpler it is, the more appropriate. The plan 

 of having large yards as the main feature of the arrangement these 

 yards to be surrounded by the necessary buildings is a bad one, but 

 where it prevails they should be sheltered on the north Hide by the 

 barns, which need not be so extensive as used formerly to be thought 

 necessary. There must be a threshing machine ; and a single floor to 

 thresh the seeds upon, and to employ the men occasionally in winter, 

 is quite sufficient. Every farm which is so extensive as to require 

 more than one floor to thresh the corn on ought always to have a 

 threshing-mill attached to it. [Ho.MfoTH.iU.] 



Yards with sheds for the cattle to shelter themselves under in wet 

 and stormy weather, are a great advantage, and may be added at a 

 trifling expense to any set of farm-buildings. 



For a small occupation, where the tenant is but a little above the 

 rank of a day labourer, a set of buildings all under one roof, and 

 forming the longer side of a yard, which may have open sheds round it, 

 is at once convenient and economical. If this building is thought too 

 long, it con very easily be divided into two, which may be pi 

 right angles to each other and form two sides (N. and E.) of a square. 

 The farm-house and cow-house might form one side, and the stables 

 and barns the other. This is the more common distribute 

 Flanders. 



For a fuller reference to the subject of farm-buildings, we must 

 refer the reader to the article HOMKSTKAD. A princijial thing to be 

 attended to is to have plenty of room for cattle ; and where old barns 

 remain much larger than is required according to the present mode of 

 stacking corn in the yard, they can be very advantageously con 

 into cow-stalls or ox-stables. Where many sheep are kepi, i: 

 great advantage to have a sheep-yard, with low sheds all round, at the 

 time when the ewes lamb, especially wln-n the season is wet and 

 i hilly, which hurts them more than a dry frost. 



In valuing the rent of a farm the habitation of the farmer is seldom 

 taken into account, and it ought not to be above the station of the 

 tenant; but the buildings immediately connected with the cultivation 

 necessarily add to the rent or dimmish it, as they add to or diminish 

 the profit. 



The next important question is what may be a fair rent l...th to the 

 landlord nnd the tenant. This depends as much on the mode of 

 cultivation adopted as on tin- fertility of the soil. The tenant 

 have a fair interest for bin capital, and a fair i. IMI:H. i.iii-i, t.., his 

 trouble. In the old system a third of the gross average produce was 

 considered as a fair rent, including all the direct payments for the 

 occupation of the land, such as tithes, rates, and taxes; another third 

 W.IK supposed to cover the labour and expense* of the fann and interest 

 r-'J: and the remaining third was appropriated to the mainte- 

 nance of the farmer and liis family, out of which he had to save 



