KAT1IOM. 



FAU8SE BRAYE. 



2nd, 



Latin Church. The former re: 1st, Kisintrs of Cnstrea. 

 ATII vv VMI s, buhopof Alexandria. :trd. I', v n n -. i.'-h.-p of 

 4th, iiiti..niiir> of Xazianzus. 5th. ' . K-h.-p of N 



Oth, CTRIL, bishop of Jerusalem. 7th. t'miv.-osTOM, ST. .Ions, 

 patriarch of Constantinople. bth. Erim-iiAMi -, bishop of Salami* 

 :!,. CVKII., buhop of Alexandria. To the above muni be added 

 Kphr.iim tin- Syrian, deacon of Edema, who died about 878, and 

 whose work* hare been published in the original text by Aaaemaui. 



The Father* of the Latin Church are: 1st, LACTAXTIVS. 2nd. 

 Hit Mm.-. bishop of Poitiers. 3rd, AMBROSE, archl.i.-hop of Milan. 

 4th. JKROXK, the translator of the Bible. 5th, Ai ..rs-rixi . bishop of 

 H ippo. With A uiriKtine the list of the great Fathers of the Church is 

 generally comiidered a* terminating, although thU title has been also 

 bestowed on some subsequent prelates and theologians; but these, 

 such as Bernard, Thomas Aquinas, 4c., are more properly di-t !i. 

 by the name of Doctors of the Church. 



Of all tin- fathers whose names in the foregoing lists are printed in 

 small capitals there will be found notices in the BIOURAI-IIU-AI. 

 Dmmnr. 



The Ktudy of the Fathers is interesting and important not only to 

 theologians, but to those who would examine carefully the philosophy 

 and the state of society in their time. 



FATHOM. [\VFIUIITS AXB MEASURES.] 



FATTY ACIDS. FaU and fixed oils consist for the most part of 

 glycerin united with an organic acid, and when such fats and oil* arc 

 boiled with basic substances, especially with the alkalies and alkaline , 

 earths they are decomposed, the acid uniting with the base, whilst the I 

 glycerin is set at liberty. This process of decomposition is commonly 

 termed tapomifeat ion, because it is the one essentially employed in tiff 

 manufacture of soaps. The acids thus extracted from the fats nnd 

 oils are frequently sjMjken of under the name of /".'/ ;./... They 

 belong to two distinct groups of organic acids, namely, to the series 

 having the general formula, CnHnO, and to that having the general 

 formula, CnH(n 2) 0,. By the action of oxidising agents upon some 

 of the members of these groups, a third family of acids of the form 

 t'nM(n 2)0, is produced. The acids belonging to the latter family 

 are bibasic. The following list gives the names and formula- of the 

 members of these three series of acids : 



modern. This statue was formerly one of the most remarkable 

 in the Rondinini palace at Home. It was l,i. .i.-hi to England it. 

 and it would, it is said, have been brought here several yean earlier, 



Detailed descriptions of these acids will be found under their 

 respective names. 



FAI'l.T. [Mtxwi.] 



FAI'N. FA I'M'S, w.-w the name given in the Roman mythology U. 

 the gods or genii of the wo-wls, corresponding with the Panes of the 

 The Fauni were supposed to be the descendants of 

 Faiinus an old mythical king of Latium, who resided in the forest 

 Albunna with his wife Fauna or Fatua, near the pond of sulphureous 

 water which is between Rome and Tivoli ; and who were both 

 with the faculty of prophesying. In subsequent ages Faunnx was 

 worshipped as the god of the fields nnd flocks; and a festival, called 

 the Fiiun.-ilia. h.'l.l m honour of him by the country people and agri- 

 culturists on the 5th of December, was a scene of great mirth and 

 feasting. The forest of All.nnen continued to be the Delphi of Ijitium, 

 nnd the oracles were delivered l.y'a voice issuing from its recesses. 

 ( Viriol.',Ki>cid,'vii. 82, Ac.) Several statues in most European museums 

 are believed to represent Fauni, but many usually called Fauns were 

 more pmbnbry intended for (in-ck satyrs. [SATYRS.] Among the most 

 retnarknl.le are those in the gollery "i Florence, and a very DM 



. tin- inn-emu of tin- Capitol. The sleeping Faun of the Barbe- 

 rino j now in the gallery at Munich. The so-called Rondinini Fnun 

 in the British Museum "is a very fine statue of its class : it is of the 

 ize of lifr, and in n dancing attitude, but the head and extr. inities are 



, '.Ilii ' ' 



Rondinini Faun from the Britinh Mneum. 



had not Canova used his influence to prevent it.s leaving Italy. Another 

 very fine figure of n faun or satyr in the BritiBh MIIRCUIII is that know n 

 ns the ' Laughing Faun,' but the arms and both tli low the 



knees are the work of a noted Italian " restorer " nanif<l Alganli, and 

 are quite inconsistent with the original torso. A third, and equally 

 celebrated Ktatup in the same collection i-^ tint of a fami or s;ityr lying 

 on IUB lck, ami known as the 'Drunken Faun ' : of (hi- ,il-o the rif;ht 

 ami and Imth fei-t are a rertoration. There ore some other 

 and relievi of fauns in the British Museum which will Hiifli. 

 illustrate their general character : they are mostly collected in tin- 

 Third Gneco-Roman Saloon. The Fauni arc almost invariably i> pre- 

 sented in playful attitudes, with a wild, mirthful, transient expression. 

 Flaxman has in a single wntence sufficiently characterised them. 

 " The Fauns are youthful, sprightly, tendonoua; their faces round, 

 expressive of merriment, not without an occasional mixture of mi. 

 chief." ('Lectures <m Sculpture,' p. IS'.'. ) 



FAUSSE-BRAYK, a name piven to the ram]virt which, constituting 

 a second enceinte, is sometime* formed on the exterior of and p 

 to that which constitutes the principal enceinte of a fortress. 



In the ancient fortifications a bank of earth wan frequently rai 

 the ditrh, nearly or quite contiguous to the wall of >tom- or liriek 

 surrounding the place, in order to protect the 1 -t tin- 



battfring-c-iiKiiie." of the besiegers; and the It ilian cn^innis of tin. 

 ntury make mention of a detacho<l wall of masonry similarly 

 sitiuted, which seems to have 1 ccn intended for a like purpose. This 

 was then called a/oua-onra, and subsequently, )>y the ln n 

 ^AuMK-irni/c ; the first term indicating a covering work in the ditch, 

 and tin- otbor,simply a secondary or ndvai ''! i.nup.-irt. 



In and immediately Ix-forc the time of \ .ml.. in the f.iu- 

 stitutc.1 tin- exterior part of the general rampart of .1 fortress; its 

 terreplr-in, or upper surface, was on.thouv 1 - a little almvi- or 



Inflow, the level of the country, and it e.-inii-d a |ra)K-t for the pro- 

 t<vtion of the (lefemlerK. The tfm-plein ami ]iani)>et of tin- int. ! ior 

 j>art of the rnm|rt were several feet higher than those of the fausse- 

 liraj-e, and tin- interval lietwceii the- two |>arapets was somctimcH I .road 

 fiiouch to allow room for artillery. 



A good iir 'ure of thin work may Vie ol.t.iiiied from 



