FELLOWSHIP. 



to the character* of the true diaiM, special test* hare been proposed, 

 uch M the tue of the whirling chair, and " repeating to the suspected 

 Penan a merit* of idea* recently uttered, when the real maniac will 

 introduce new ideas; the impostor, on the contrary, will deem it 

 expedient to repeat the aame words." (Ouy.) 



The following general rules for detecting feigned rUnonrci hare been 

 given by Zaochias : 



1. The first is. that the physician must in all suspected oases inquire 

 of the relative* and friends of the suspected individual what are his 

 physical and moral habits. He must ascertain the state of his affairs, 

 and inquire what may possibly be the motive for feigning disease, par- 

 ticularly whether he is not in immediate danger of some punishment 

 from which thin sickness may excuse him. 



rapare the disease under examination with the causes capable 

 of producing it such an the age, temperament, and mode of life of 

 the patient. Thus artifice might be suspected if a person in high 

 health and correct in his diet should suddenly fall into dro]y or 

 oachexia; and again if insanity should suddenly supervene without 

 any of its premonitory symptoms. It is contrary to experience to find 

 such diseases occur without some previous indications. 



3. The third rule is derived from the aversion of persons feigning 

 disease to take proper remedies. This indeed will occur in real sick- 

 ness, but it rarely happens when severe pain is present. Anything that 

 promises relief is generally acceptable in such cases ; those on the con- 

 trary who feign delay the use of means. 



4. Particular attention should be paid to the symptoms present, and 

 whether they necessarily belong to the disease. An expert physician 

 may thus cause a patient to fall into contradiction, and lead him to a 

 statement which is incompatible with the nature of the complaint. To 

 effect this it is necessary to visit him frequently and unexpectedly. 



6. The last direction is to follow the course of the complaint and 

 attend to the circumstances which successively occur. 



(Beck, Medical Jurisprudence ; Thomson, A. T., Lectures on Medical 

 Jurifpndeiux ; Guy, W. A., Principles of Forentie Medicine.) 



FELLOWSHIP, in books of arithmetic, the rule by which profit or 

 loes is divided among those who are to bear it, in proportion to their 

 investments or interests in the transaction. It is usual to divide this 

 rule into two parte, of which the first supposes all the investments to 

 have been made for the same time, and the second supposes the part- 

 ners to have employed their money during different times. One simple 

 COM of each will be sufficient. 



Question 1. A, B, and C embarked 10/., 9/., and 8?. in a venture 

 which yielded SO/, of profit. How much belongs to each ? 



If 10 + 9 + 8, or 27 adventurers embarked II. each, it is clear that 

 each of them should have the 27th part of SO/. Let 10 of them assign 

 their shares to A, 9 to B, and 8 to C, and we have the case in question. 

 That is, A should have 10-27tha, B 9-27ths, and C 8-27ths of the whole 

 ; ; . 



Question 2. A profit of SOI. was realised by A embarking lot for 

 two months, B embarking 9/. for three months, and C embarking 81. 

 for four months. How much ought each to gain ? 



Here the I/, of A and the I/, of B are differently circumstanced : the 

 second was employed half as long again as the first, and consequently 

 should gain half as much again. Now let one pound tterlin;/ > n 

 durintf one month be called a share : then A invested 20 shares, B 27 

 hares, and C 32 shares. Hence, as before, 20 + 27 + 32 being 79, A 

 should have 20-79ths, B should have 27-79ths, and C 32-79ths of the 

 gain. 



The first is a rule of very frequent occurrence ; but the second is 

 rare, for it seldom happens that money is withdrawn from an under- 

 taking, except upon some specific agreement. But the modern practice 

 of dividing an enterprise into shares of equal amount, and never sub- 

 dividing a shore, reduces all questions of fellowship to simple division. 

 But, on often happens, a name has got into the wrong place. The 

 result which division gives to A, instead of being called his quotient, is 

 called hi- 



FELLOWSHIP (in a college) is an establishment in the college 

 entitling the holder to a share in its revenues. The fellows arc a part 

 of the corporation. [COLLEGE.] Fellowships are either original , Hut 

 is, part of the foundation or scheme of the original founder; or in- 

 grafted, that is. endowed by subsequent benefactors of a college already 

 established, Where the number of fellows is- limited by the < 

 foundation, new fellows cannot be made members of the cor)>oratc 

 body without a new incorporation. If the number is not limited by 

 the charter, it seems that the corporation may admit new fellows 

 members, who will be subject to the statutes of the original founda- 

 tion in all respect*. Graduates of each several college are in general 

 only eligible to fill a vacant fellowship in the establishment to wlii, -h 

 they belong after having been elected to scholarships on the founda- 

 tion, awarded at examinations held by the master and fellow, in In-ing. 

 But in some caws special rules which control the election prevail, as 

 where the fellow must be of the blood of the founder, or where he 

 must be a native of a particular county, Ac., and in some few cases 

 fellowship* ore open to the graduates of several colleges, or even the 

 whole university. In Downing College graduate* of both universities 

 are eligible. These rule* are prescribed by the founder, modified in 

 otne cases by the bye-laws of the several colleges. Some few fellow- 

 ship* may be held by laymen, but in general they can be retained only 



by persons already in holy orders, or who are ordained within a speci- 

 fied time. Fellowships are of unequal value, varying from S(V. and 

 leas to 250V. a year and upwards, the senior fellowships in those colleges 

 where there is any such distinction between the fellow* being the 

 most lucrative ; but all confer upon then- holders the right to apart- 

 ments in the college, for which in some instances a small annual sum 

 is charged a* rent, and certain money privileges as to commons or 

 meal*. They are hi general tenable for life, unleo* the holder marries, 

 or inherit* estates which afford a larger revenue, or aooeute one of the 

 livings belonging to the college which cannot be held with a fellowship ; 

 but in the new statutes now under dim-union, the commission' 

 the University of Cambridge propose to limit the tenure in some 

 college* (at the came time removing the restriction against celibacy). 

 These livings are conferred upon the fellows, who in general l> 

 option of taking them in order of seniority, though in some colleges 

 the holders of particular offices have pri< ; a* lor instance 



in Trinity College, Cambridge, where the vice-master has such right 

 by a bye-law of the college. 



The whole subject of fellowships in the different colleges of the 

 University of Cambridge is at the present time, January, 1860, in .-i 

 transition state; the commissioners above-mentioned being engaged 

 in the duty of revising and altering the old statutes, in which revision 

 very important changes both as to the tenure of, and mode of e! 

 to, fellowships, and the position of the fellows themselves, are con- 

 templated. 



I'Kl.OOKSK (a felon of himself) is a person who, being of 

 mind ami of the age of discretion, deliberately causes his own death ; 

 and also, in some cases, where one maliciously attempts to kill ,- 

 and, in pursuance of such attempt, unwillingly kills himself, he is 

 adjudged a felo-de-se. (1 Hawk. P. C. e. -27. S 4.) Wh.-n tin- deceased 

 is found by the coroner a felo-de-se, all his chattels, real and personal, 

 are forfeited to the crown, though they are usually restored upon pay- 

 ment of moderate fees ; and therefore a will made by him is void as to 

 his personal estate, though not as to his real estate, nor i.s ! 

 barred of her dower. Formerly he was buried in the highway with a 

 stake driven through his body. These laws, so highly repugnant to the 

 feelings of humanity, Wing a punishment to t! 



the deceased, in addition to the general impression that no man in his 

 sound sense ever does commit suici<: i.irie- in g< 



that the deceased was not of sound mind ; and by the Act 4 C. 

 c. 52, the legislature has so far yielded to the popular and herein the 

 better opinion, as to abolish the former ignominious mode of burial, 

 and to provide that a felo-de-se shall be privately interred at ni 

 the burial-ground in which his remains might by law have been interred 

 if the verdict of felo-de-se had not been found against him. 



FELONY, in the general acceptation of the English law, comprises 

 every species of crime which occasioned at common law the ii i 

 of lands or goods, or both, and to which a capital or other punishment 

 might be superadded, according to the degree of guilt. Various < I 

 tions of the word have been suggested. Sir 1 1 eiiry Spelman supposes that 

 it may have come from the Teutonic or German " fee " (fief or feud) 

 and " Ion " (price or value), or from the Saxon " ;' I'.dl or 



offend). Capital punishment by im means enters into the tnie idea 

 and definition of felony ; but the common notion of felony has been so 

 generally connected with that of capital punishment, that law v 

 have found it difficult to separate them : indeed, this notion a. 

 such force, that if a statute made any new offenee felony, the law 

 implied that it should be punished with death. Tin- nun: 

 offences, however, to which this punishment is affixed by the law of 

 England is now very small ; and several statute* were passed early in 

 the present reign (1 Viet.) founded upon the principle that the punish- 

 ment of death should only be inflicted for ei ; niic.i with 

 violence. Thus o. 84 substituted the punishment of transportation for 

 that of death in those cases where the latter might still l>e indie 

 forgery; c. 85 materially lessened the severity of the punMun 

 offences against the person ; c. 86 enacted that burglary im. 

 with violence shall no longer be punished capitally, and provided that, 

 so far as the offence of burglary is c li night should I 

 sidered to commence at nine in the evening and to i-oin ' 

 the morning; c. 87 mitigated the punishment attending the crii 

 robbery and stealing from the person ; c. 88 rendered piracy pun: 

 with death only when murder was attempted ; c. 89 r. 

 punishment for the crime of arson; c. 9<i ' ii" punishn 



i tntion for life in certain cases; and c. 91 abolished the punish- 

 ment of denth in the eases there specified. Tin- principle, of :>< 

 ration was carried still further four years later by the stat. 4 A ." 

 c. 56, abolishing capital punishment for embezzlement by serv.v 

 the Bank of England, offences under the Stamp Act, i < 

 of churches, houses, Ac., and also for rape, t i 

 were formerly liable to this severe punishment: ami it mm-- 

 ersons who do not observe the extreme difficult;. 

 which old-established customs and prcjudi 

 subverted, that this system should so ] 



withstood the most convincii ''' statistical 



evidence. It is impossible, within tl . nume- 



rate the crimes which the law considers to be felonies ; and the more 

 so, a* the word felony has long been used to signify the degree of crime 

 rather than the penal consequence*. It may be sufficient, therefore, 



