KILTER; FILTRATION. 





M 



to paw through them horixontally, or in any required direction. In 

 ame tilu-m. tin- action ia compounded of descent by gravity and 

 cent by bydnwtatic preasure ; by which arrangement the flu 

 be compelled to \m through a great quantity of filtering material in a 

 mall (pace. In one form, the nitration is carried on without any 

 ezpomire to the acce of air ; l*>th the vc*ol into which the impure 

 fluid u put, and that whi.li n reive* it after filtration, being hermeti- 

 cally cloned. Theae two veaaela are connected together by a small 

 air-]<ipe, through which the nir displaced from the lower Teasel by the 

 dropping of the fluid into it ascends into the upper*vesscl to occupy 

 the space which it has just vacated. The process therefore is conducted 

 without the contact of any more air than the vessels contain at its 

 commencement, and without the escape <>f any \ ..; , .urn fn>m the fluid ; 

 so that the most volatile liquids may be filtered without loss, and the 

 injurious effects which in other cases might arise from the free ad- 

 mission of air are avoided. 



In Hanaorae's filter, patented in 1856, there is a cylindrical vessel.'at 

 the bottom of which is a layer of coarse grit ; above the grit in a layer 

 of fine sand ; and above this a slab of Ransome's patent porous stone. 

 In the middle of the porous slab is a hollow space containing a layer 

 of charcoal. Above all these layers is a vessel for filtered water ; and 

 above and around this another for unfiltered. The impure water runs 

 down to the bottom of the vessel, and then ascends through all the 

 layers, leaving the impurities behind it. Filters of this kind are found 

 to be more easily cleaned than those which act by descension. Kan- 

 some's patent stone baa led to the production of a very small and 

 simple filter, intended for troops, travellers, and emigrants. It consists 

 of a small cylinder of porous stone, attached to a disc of wood ; frum 

 which disc springs a short vulcanised india-rubber tube, with a mouth- 

 piece. On placing the cylinder in unfiltered water, and drawing 

 breath through the tube, water rises in a tolerable state of purity, and 

 flows into the mouth. 



8. Filtering Bed*. The processes for filtering water on a large scale, 

 as now adopted by the chief water- works companies, will best be treated 

 in the article WATKK-WOBKS. 



4. l-'rctltciiii"/ >':- Water. This important process, becoming every 

 year more appreciated and more extensively adopted, belongs rather to 

 distillation than to filtering; but it was referred from DISTILLI itv tu 

 this place, because many of the forms of apparatus employed comprise 

 filtering as well as distilling arrangements. It may not at first sight 

 appear evident how the saltnesa of sea-water can be removed by either 

 of these processes. The explanation is found in the fact, that when- 

 ever water is converted into steam at an ordinary temperature, very 

 few if any solid particles ascend with it. Salt, clay, sand, charcoal, 

 alkalies, and oxides, arc almost wholly left behind in the vessel in 

 which the water is treated ; the vapour which passes off consisting of 

 aqueous particles and a little atmospheric air. If clear water, dirty 

 water, or sea-water be placed in a common kettle on the fire, the steam 

 that issues from the spout will be nearly alike in all three cases ; it 

 will lie vapid and tasteless, but neither salt nor impure. The possi- 

 bility of rendering sea-water drinkable is a question of very great im- 

 portance to ship-owners, especially to the owners of emigrant and 

 passenger ships, and to the royal navy ; for, under present arrange- 

 ments, a vast space and a vast number of tanks are necessary to contain 

 fresh water enough for the wants of all the crew and passengers ; and 

 even if fresh when put on board, the water has a tendency to become 

 foul by long keeping. The miseries suffered on ship-board by a defi- 

 ciency of pure water are among the greatest to which passengers and 

 crew are liable. 



All the many forms of apparatus invented for freshening sea-water 

 are contrived with a view t > making the best use of the fuel employed ; 

 those which are mo/it economical are most likely in the end to be 

 adopted. Grant's apparatus, brought forward in 1349, is so contrived 

 that the same fire employed for the cooking of the crew's provisions 

 will distil sea-water contained in a vessel above it, at the rate of one 

 gallon per man per day. The water becomes aerated, or mixed with 

 sufficient atmospheric air to impart briskness to it, by agitation in the 

 vessel. HcBride's apparatus, patented in the some year, condenses the 

 heated sea-water by a current of cold air, which gathers it into a 

 condenser by means of a blowing or exhausting machine. Murdoch's 

 apparatus comprises a pipe fitted in the top of the ship's cooking 

 boiler, and another perforated pipe to admit air; an exhausting 

 pace sucks both the steam and the air down the pipe into a con- 

 denser beneath, thereby effecting simultaneously the distilling and the 

 aerating. In Ericsson's apparatus, when the sea-water has been con- 

 verted into vapour, the steam paasea into and through a space between 

 two concentric vessels ; the inner vessel is kept cool by the flow of cold 

 water through it, and the outer one by the evaporative action of tin- 

 atmosphere on a wet cloth wrapper ; and the steam being thus placed 

 between two cool surfaces, becomes condensed into drinbibl 

 In Normandy and Fell's apparatus, the arrangement i- mp'tvliit 

 peculiar. There in a cylinder surrounded by a irteam-jneket. The 

 cylinder is divided internally into four channels or compartment* by 

 partitions. Each of these compartments is turned up at one end, no aa 

 to allow the water to flow towards the other. The cylinder is con- 

 nected at one end to a pipe with a condensing and aerating a p. 

 contained within a clotted tank ; and at the other by a pipe with a box, 

 hich the water to be purified is firt introduoad. A pipe brings 



steam from a boijer into the jacket, to heat the cylinder. The sea- 

 water within the cylinder ia made to flow through all the compart- 

 ment*, by means of the partitions ; it get* heated as it goes, and throws 

 off steam. This steam paaaes off tl condenser, 



where it gets mixed with atmospheric air, and is tinally condensed by 

 coming in contact with the sides of > '..im which 



has been employ^l in heating the cylinder when condensed l>y < "M. i* 

 drawn off by another pipe; although it is not pleasant to drink, 

 through not being aerated, it is still good enough for waxhim;. The 

 residuum of the salt or impure water escapes by n- 

 Gravely 's apparatus, patented in 1858, consists of two parts, a 

 and a condenser, the latter over the former. The bottom of the 

 is corrugated, to increase the heating surface, and there ia a jacket to 

 e.: 'iioiuise the heat. A pipe extends from an ai>erture in the 

 the boiler to near the top of the condenser; a larger pipe is outside 

 ; -entrie with this; and the space between them is an air-space. 



Messrs. Gravely have recently paid much attention to their apparatus, 

 to render available as much as possible of the heat whir]. 

 ships is usually generated in the cook-room ; an sahasbeen 



such as to lead to a Urge employment of the apparatus in mi 

 ships. Grant's apparatus, applied some yearsago to H. M. S. Arrogant, 

 Plumper, Reynard, Dauntless, Termagant, -and Encounter, has 

 i-i vri!tly, modified and improved by other contrivances been pi 

 fora large number of ships in the royal navy. When Sir ( 

 Napier was in the Baltic with his fleet, eleven ships distilled 4,700 tons 

 of sea-water ; and did this so well, that the crew preferred the 

 thus obtained to ordinary fresh water. In the Black Sea during the 

 same war, the ship Wye distilled 10,000 gallons a day. Very recently 

 (1859) Dr. Normandy, improving on an apparatus in which he waa 

 concerned some years earlier, has brought it to a more efficient state 

 than any other for the Royal Navy ; it is now being largely adopted by 

 the Admiralty, and by the great steam mail companies. 



FILTRATION. A process used in chemical operations to separate 

 solid from liquid matter. [CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.] 



FINA'LE (Ital. Fi-nd-le), the concerted piece of music by which the 

 acts of an opera conclude: the last movement of a symphom 

 certo, &c. 



KINANCK. (T.\.\; TAXATION.] 



FINE OF LANDS, one of the modes of conveying lands anil 

 ditaments by matter of record. It was so called because it put an end 

 not only to the actual suit of which it was the conclusion, but also to 

 all other suits and controversies concerning the same matter. I >i 

 of its technicalties, a fine may be described to be an amical>! 

 position or agreement of a suit, either actual or fictitious, by leave of 

 the king or his justices, whereby the lands in questi* or are 



acknowledged to be, the right of one of the parties. 



The note of the fine was read four times openly in the Court of 

 Common Pleas, or as it was called, proclaimed, once in the U 

 which it was made, and once in each of the three succeeding i 

 during which all pleas ceased, and these proclamations were endorsed 

 upon the record. A table of the fines levied in each county in 

 term was affixed in some open part of the Court of (!ommon I'leas all 

 the next term, and a copy of the same was given to the sherii!' i : 

 county, who at the next assizes fixed the some in some ojn-n i 

 the court, for the more public notoriety of the fine. (Bl. ' Com.' vol. ii. 

 p. 851, Mr. Kerr'aecU 



Of tJie effect of a Fine. A fine was a conveyance so effective that it 

 bound not only those who were parties and privies t the line, but all 

 other persons whatsoever, unless they brought their action or made 

 lawful entry within five years after proclamation made, except married 

 women, infants, prisoners, persons beyond the seas, and such as weru 

 not of whole mind, who had five years allowed to them ami their heirs 

 after the death of their husbands, their attaining full age. 

 their liberty, returning into Kngland, or being restored to their right 

 mind. Persons also who had not a present, but a future interest 

 only, as those in reversion or remainder, had five years allowed them to 

 claim in from the time their right accrued by the stat. 4 !! in y VII. 

 c. -2\. 



In order to make a fine of any avail at all. it was necessary th 

 parties should have some interest or estate of freehold in 

 be affected by it. (Bl. ' Com.' vol. ii. p. .'!.1S, Mr. Kerr's t-il.i Hut it w;w 

 not necessary that the freehold should be in cither of tl right, 



and therefore when a fine was levied to strengthen a title, it wan 

 frequently considered necessary to make a feotlmeut, in on 

 freehold might be in one of them by di.-scNin. | FI-CIFK.MI NT. ] If 

 neither of the parties had any interest at the time, although the line 

 had no proper operation, yet it might tike effect as between them i.y 

 MtoppoL [EsTOiTi:r,. | 



A fine wa principally used as the mode of conveying the estates of 

 I women, and naonndng their right to dower, as a means of 

 tail, and remain' Ii i.-au I revei>ii.nKde|ieiideiit upon other 

 estates, and also for the purpose of strengthen:" 



By tie 8 ft 4 Will. IV. e. 74, fines arc abolished, and prm , 

 made for the conveyance of the interest of married women in land, 

 with the concurrence of their husbands, and after I med to 



ascertain if they :u- ihmtarily, by a deed to be acknowledged 



in the Court of Common Pleas ; an<l provision is also made for the 

 barring of estates tail by a der*l i-nrll<il : but m> pi 



