K1KK. 



I'lltK KN(!INE. 



Chip* of some kind* of pine contain much rain or pitch, which 

 render them useful u fliunbeaux in countries where candle* and lamp" 

 an too expensive for the poorer cottager*. In on* or other of the 

 variotu kind* nf |>iue and fir, all put* of the tree are nude to rentier 

 useful Mrvioe. The fragments of wood yield fuel and charcoal ; the 

 ashes of the burnt roots, *c. furnish potash ; the bark i* useful in 

 tanning : the bud* and young shoots are made into spruce beer ; the 

 young shoots mixed with corn are food for cattle, sheep, and horses, 

 in come cuuntrie* ; the inner bark is made into baiket* ; the long and 

 (lender rootlet* furnish a kind of tough twine ; the outer bark U used 

 in Lapland and Rusaia for covering and lining hut*, and a* floats for 

 rWiing-neU. The food of man i* not without a supply from the fir 

 and pine. The cone* are sometimes used to flavour wine ; the Lap- 

 lander* make a coarse bread-flour from the inner bark ; the kernels of 

 some specie* are eaten as a substitute for hazel unto, and are used in 

 confectionary as a substitute for almonds ; the kernels of one specie* 

 yield much 'oil, useful both for food and for lamps ; and the shells 

 yield a rich dye. 



Besides all the above useful substance*, there are other* yielded by 

 these trees, due chiefly to the sap or juices. Common turpentine, 

 Venice turpentine, Strasburgh turpentine, black resin, yellow resin, 

 tar, common pitch, Burgundy pitch, lampblack all are obtained, 

 either from the living tree, or by the application of heat to the trunk 

 and root when dead. 



KlltK. [COMBUSTION; HEAT.] 



KIKK (Dirtrt, Sijilade, Obliqur, w/i7, Ricoc'irt, Rtrtrte.Siattt, or 

 Vtrtital), are terms' applied to the fire of a battery, according to it* 

 direction with respect to the object fired at. 



Dtrtft, when it is perpendicular to the face of the work or line of 

 troops fired at 



EnJUaiir, when it is in the direction of the length of the face of a 

 work or line of troops, or in the direction of the greatest length of a 

 column or mass of troops. The battery will then be on, and ranged 

 perpendicular to, the prolongation of such face of work or line of troops 

 enfiladed. 



Obivjut, when it makes an angle with the front of the object fired at. 

 Pbmymij. when it is from a position higher than the object fired at. 

 Rirofliei, when rnjUade is with small charges. [RicoCBET.] 

 Reverte, when it strike* the interior slope of a parapet, or the rear of 

 a line of troops, at an angle greater than 50. 



Slant, when it strikes the interior slope of a parapet, or rear of a line 

 of troops, at an angle lees than 30*. 



Vertical, when the shot, having been fired at an angle of 45 or more, 

 falls almost perpendicularly. 



KIKE-ARMS. [ARMS ; ARTILLERY.] 

 KIHK-BOTE. [COMMON, RIGHT OF ; ESTOVERS.] 

 KIRK-DAMP. [METHYL, hydride of.] 



FIRE KN'liINK, a term formerly applied to the Bteam-eugine, but 

 now confined to those machines which are employed to extinguish 

 fires by throwing water from a jet upon the burning materials. 



There were various modes of extinguishing fires previous to the 

 Invention of the moderu fire-engine. A term employed by Juvenal 

 nnd Pliny expressive of some implement lined in extinguishing fires 

 lias given rise to some discussion. This term is Hatna, which some 

 commentator* describe as a water-vessel ; but Holsteiu contend* that 

 it was a very large hook or grapple fixed at the end of a long 

 pole. Pliny the younger speaks also of pipes (siphones) being used 

 to put out fires. Augustus appointed seven bands of firemen in 

 Rome, eanh of which had the care of two divisions (regiones) of the 

 city; each band had a captain (tribunus); and at the head of the 

 whole body was the prefect of the watch (Prmfectus Vigilmnl. With 

 regard to such contrivances as might correctly come under the 

 denomination of machines, it appears that they originated with 

 Ctesibius, a distinguished (Jreek mechanician, who lived in Egypt in 

 the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphia. Hero, a pupil of Ctesibius, describes 

 a sort of forcing-pump with two cylinders, employed for the purpose of 

 extinguishing fire. Apollodorus, architect to the Emperor Trajan, 

 ha* left a description of a machine consisting of leathern bottles 

 with pipes attached to them : when any bottle was squeezed, a jet 

 of water flowed through the pipe, and wax thus u*edto extinguish fires. 

 Beckmann has found, in the accounts of many of the Herman towns, 

 entries for the cost of machine*, the existence of which would be 

 very problematical without that evidence : thus, in the building 

 account* of the city of Augfburg for 1518, fire-engine* are mentioned 

 under the name of " instrument* of fire," or " water-syringe*." 



But the earliest account on which we can depend of a machine at 

 nil resembling those now in use is given by a Jesuit named Caspar 

 Sch'iU i n 1 657. This account related to a fire-engine made by Hautach, 

 of Nuremberg. It consisted of a water-cistern about 8 feet long, 4 

 feet high, and 2 feet in width ; and was drawn on a kind of sledge 

 somewhat larger than the cistern. It was worked by 88 men, and a 

 stream of water an inch in diameter was forced, by means of this 

 engine, to an elevation of nearly 80 feet. Scbott supposed that it 

 contained a horizontal cylinder, through which a piston worked, and 

 thus produced a pump-like action. In 1690 the king of France gave 

 a patent-right to Uuperrier to construct fire-engine*, under the name 

 of pomftt portttittl, or portable pumps, and to keep them (17 in 

 number) in repair and working order. Twenty-three years afterwards, 



the number of pumps amounted to 30, the management of which OMB 

 30,000 livre* annually. 



There are two important part* of a fire-engine which do not appear 

 U) have been brought into use for some time after such machines 

 became general : we mean the flexible hose or tube, and the air- 

 chamber. Hautach'* engine, however, possessed the former, but nut 

 the latter. The purpose of a flexible tube i* oWious, for it enables 

 the operator to carry the stream of water in any direction from the 

 engine ; whereas without it the sphere of the engine's use is limited, 

 from the impossibility of carrying the engine itself through narrow 

 passages, Ac. The air-chamber is a contrivance which depends for it* 

 value on the increased elasticity of air when compressed into less than 

 it* usual bulk. It is not exactly known who first applied this im- 

 provement ; but an engine containing an air-chamber is stated by 

 IVir.uilt to have been kept for the protection of the king's library at 

 Paris in 1684. The first introduction of them, however, for common 

 use appears to have occurred about the year 1720, when Leupoln 

 structed engines consisting of a copper box securely closed and well 

 soldered : each one weighed about 16 pounds, and ejected a oontn 

 jet of water to a height of 20 or 30 feet. This engine contained one 

 cylinder and piston. The adaptation of leathern pipes was devised by 

 two natives of Holland, both of whom were named Jan Vanderheide, 

 and who were inspectors of fire-engines at Amsterdam in 1672. Five 

 yean after the invention, a twenty-five years' patent for the privilege 

 of making those pipes was granted to them ; and in 1696 sixty of them 

 were kept in the city, of which six were to be used at each fire. 



After the introduction of these engines into England, improvements 

 were from time to time made in them, by Dickenson, Simpkin, 

 Phillips, Kurst, Newsham, Rowntree, Merryweather, Baddeley, Shand, 

 Mason, and others ; but from the time that the air-chamber was 

 introduced the principle of construction has been nearly the same in 

 all of them, the points of difference being principally in minor details. 

 In briefly describing one of the old engines, therefore, on the con- 

 struction of Newsham, we shall convey a general notion of the mode 

 of action of most of them, without touching at present on tin 

 points of difference. 



The body A (jig. 1.) incloses the greater part of the mechanism of 



the engine. Along the lower port runs a metallic pipe, into which the 

 water flows from the feed-pipe u. If a supply of water cannot be 

 obtained in this way, a cistern, c, is filled by means of buckets; and at 

 the junction between the cistern and the interior pipe a grating or 

 strainer is placed, to free the water from dirt, gravel, &c. The 

 having entered the interior pipe, is forced into the air-vessel by two 

 pumps contained within the body of the box D, anil from the air- 

 vessel is forced into the pipe r, connected with the leathern hose by 

 which the propelled water is directed to the proper point. .Tin- two 

 pumps are worked by a double lever connected with two long li 

 KEEK, which are conveniently placed for being worked by several men. 

 The working is aided by one or two men, who stand on a cross-lever 

 near r, and throw their weight alternately on each side, holding by the. 

 handles at o. At K, is a handle which turns a cock or valve, tl 

 regulating the supply of water to the interior pi)>e through the feed- 

 pipe n. In /if/. 2 we give a section through the middle of the air- 

 chamber and one of the pump-barrels. A is the air-vessel, from the 

 top of which proceed* nearly to the bottom a tube u r. opm .. 

 ends. The air-chamber snd tubs are in conitnuiuYjitiou with ;i 

 horizontal pipe, D, which opens by two branches into two pump 

 cylinders, one of which is seen at r. Through this cylinder works the 

 piston E, which is connected by the piston rod u with a toothed-wheel 

 at the upper part ; to which wheel a reciprocating motion is given by 

 the exterior levers to which it is attached. The horizontal pipe u, 

 beside* it* communication with the air-vessel and the pump ban el, is 

 also open to another horizontal pipe , which is connected at the 

 end with the feed-pipe shown in the former figure. These commu- 

 nications however are closed at different |rt of the operation by tw,. 



