i i\i:i OILS. 



I 1X1 



Cntt oil. From the (Beds ol common garden cnm (Lepidim ttui- 

 .>. Sp. gr. 0-924. Drying. 



Onto* oil. [CKOTOX OIL.] 



Cttcmmotr oil. Kr-m the Mad* ol several species of 0<munit and 

 rMowoOa. Drying, U*ed fur lamp*. Sp. gr. 0-9231. Known also w 

 Uourdoil. 



Oypir-ffrau til. One of the very few oils obtained from the root of 

 a plant (Cfpenu emlenta). Non-drying. Sp. gr. IV!> I >. 



<iardn>-tpnryt oil. [EUPHORBIA lalkyrii, in NAT. HIST. Uiv. | 



OiffitUy oil. From the Med* of .Setamtim orientate. Also known as 

 IW ot/, enM otf, and (W o/ wramiiM. It is non-drj-ing. 



(ivunl oi/. See CiuwmArr oi'A 



Gropaeetl oil. By expression from the seeds of grapes. Used in 

 salads and for burning. Sp. gr. 0-9202. Also known as Oil of win* 

 ttona. It dries on exposure. 



lirottnJ-ntU oil. Non-drying. [ARACHls hyjMxjaa, in X.vT. HI>T. Div.] 



/{fmp oil. From the seeds of common hemp. [CAXXABIB tatita, 

 in NAT. HIST. Div.] Soluble in alcohol. Sp. gr. 0-: 



l/cii/iant-iri oil. Non-drying. Sp. gr. 0-918. [HTOBCYAM 

 NAT. HIST. Div.] 



ln<layacit oil, From the seeds of Anda Qomaii. Properties similar 

 to those of castor oil. 



Jmtropka otL [JATROPHA curcat, in NAT. HIST. Div.] 



J*licnn'. oil. Drying. Sp. gr. 0-9281. From the seeds of Dame's 

 violet. [HESPEHU matronalu, in NAT. HIST. Drv.] 



K*dak M. [CARAPA, in NAT. HIST. Drv.] 



Lard oil. Crude oleic acid. A secondary product in the manu- 

 facture of stearin, or obtained from lard "by boiling with alcohol. 

 Sp. gr. 0-9008. 



laurd oil. See Bay oil. 



Looted oil. [LINSEED on..] 



Maa oil. See Nutmeg oil. 



Madia oil. [MADIA, in NAT. HIST. Div.] 



Aftutanl oil. The seeds of the white mustard (Sinapit alba), yield 

 from thirty to forty per cent, of an oil used in salads. Many other 

 npeciea of sinapis yield a similar oil. That from black mustard is used 

 externally as a stimulant. The seeds of wild mustard (Raphanut 

 raphamttrum) also yield a fixed oil. 



If toft-foot oil. Float* on the surface of the water in which neat's feet 

 are boiled. It U used for lubrication and for softening leather. 



NtUlt-lra oil. From the kernels of the A'ettle-lree (Cetii attttralu). 

 Used for burning. 



Nickar oil. From nickar nuts, the kernels of I, \ilandina, bon<l 



tint oil. The kernels of the common hazel nuts [CoBTLfs arellana, 

 in NAT. HIST. Div.] contain more than half their weight of an excellent 

 drying oil. Sp. gr. 926. 



A' Hi meg oil. The so-called rrpretsed oil of mace, is a mixture of the 

 essential and fixed oils of the nutmeg. It is obtained ou pressing the 

 bruised nutmegs between hot platen. [MVKIMH A, in NAT. HIST. 

 Drv.] 



CHiveoil. [OLIVE oa; OLEA europaa, in NAT. HIST. Div.] 



Palm ml. Solid. Largely used in soap and caudle manufacture. 

 Sp. gr. 0-968. [ELJEIB, in NAT. HIST. Drv.] 



Palma-Chriiti oil. See Cottar oil. 



Pine-nut oil. From the seeds. [Pisus pinea, in NAT. HIST. Div.] 



Pint top oil. From the Norway spruce fir. Dries on exposure. Sp. 

 gr. 0-9285. 



Piney oil,pceno tallow. ( VATI.BIA, in NAT. HIST. Div. j 



Pataehio nut oil. From the kerneU. [PISTACIA rent, in NAT. 

 HUT. Div.] 



Plumitone oil. The kernels of the common plum (Pruniit domtxlica) 

 contain thirty per cent, of a lamp oil. Sp. gr. 0-9127. Non-drying. 



I'i'i'i'y oil. The seeds of the common white poppy contain half 

 their weight of fixed oils. It dries well, ami i* much used in I lie 

 manufacture of paints and soaps, also in salads, and to adulterate 

 almond oil. Sp. gr. 0-9244. [1'Ai'AVrn tost/ii/cram, in NAT. HIST. 

 Div.] 



J'nuif itone oil. The kernels of the common prune contain an oil 

 resembling that of almonds, but it rapidly becomes rancid. Sp. gr. 



Kadith utd i,',l. Krom the seeds of a vaii.-ty ..!' the common radish. 

 Non-drying. Sp. gr. 0-9187. 



Rap* oil. From the seeds of rti//e ( Brauica fomptttr'u). When 

 refined by treating with sulphuric acid, it is used for common purposes 

 in the place of olive oil. 



tiabadiU* oi/. See r, /,./;// ,,.V. 



Smufrmi mt oil. From the kernels. [NECTAjroRA pucAury minor, 

 in NAT. HIST. Div.] 



Heal oO. Obtained fn.ui the blubber of several species of seal 

 [I'HociDJt, in NAT. HIST. Div.J, the jiortiou that first drains awny 

 being palest in colour and inort vuliubhv Used for burning and 



" -,: 



OohaoiL Non-drying. [COLZA. OIL or.] 



<VW4*rr <7. Non-drying. From the fruit, [CuR.tva tangninea, 

 in NAT. Hirr. Drv.l 



Catlam tmi oil, From the seeds of one nf the cotton plant*. [OossT- 

 PIUM barbadaui, in NAT. Hut. Div.] Thin oil drien ou expoiure to 



oil. See OitgtUy oil. 

 Stork-liter oil. From the liven of several specie* of K/uaitdo . It 

 U the lightest nf all the fixed oils, having a sp. gr. of 86. 



Skate oil. From the livers of various skate* (Ra*+ia). It rc- 

 nibles cod-liver oil. 



Sperm oil. A valuable nil for lamps, and for lubricating macl 

 U is the li.|ni.l i-.itii.n of the fatty matter found in various parts of 

 the White or Sperm whale (Phyicter macrocepkalvt), the solid ; 

 being spermaceti. (Smisi.irETi, in NAT. MIST. l>iv.] 



Sitnjtoictr oil. From the seeds of the common sunflower. Used for 

 burning, and In salads. Sp. gr. 0-9261. 



Tttloil. See (X*geUy oil. 



Toboxco-tted oiL A good drying oil, ol.tain.xl from the seeds of the 

 tobacco plant (Xicvtinna tabacum). Sp. gr. 0-9282. 



TWonrowna oil. [CARAPA, in NAT. HUT. Div. ] 



Train oil. See Whale oil. 



Walnut oil. The kernels of walnuts contain half their weight of a 

 fixed oil, sometimes used in mixing up colours for house-painting. 



II VM oil. From the seed of dyer't wood (Rtttda luteola). li 

 on exposure. Sp. gr. 011358. 



\\'liaJ' nil. From the blubber of the common or Greenland v> 

 It somewhat resembles sperm oil, but is darker in colour and . 

 agreeable odour. It is used as a lubricating agent, and is occasionally 

 burnt in lamps. Sp. gr. 0-927. 



Wine-time oil. See Urapttetd oil. 



FIXTURES. The term "fixtures" is frequently used to 

 articles of a personal nature which have been affixed to land, v. i 

 removeable or not, and sometimes expressly to denote articles which 

 are not by law removeable when once attached to the freehold ; 1 xit 

 the term " fixtures," in its correct legal sense, signifies such things of 

 a personal nature as have been annexed to the realty, and which may 

 be afterwards severed or removed by the party who annexed them, or 

 his personal representatives, against the will of the owner of the free- 

 hold. When the article U not so removeable, it in to all intents and 

 purposes part of the freehold, and subject to the rules and incidents of 

 real property. 



It is necessary, in order to constitute a fixture, that the article 

 should be let into or united with the land, or to other substance* 

 previously connected therewith. Goods, and even building* of the 

 most ponderous description, do not fall under the description of 

 fixtures, if they are merely laid and rest upon the earth without 

 let into it. Something more than mere juxta-position is required, as, 

 for instance, that the soil shall have been displaced for the purpose of 

 receiving the article, or that the chattel shall have been connected or 

 otherwise fastened to some fabric previously attached to the ground. 



The old rule of law was, that whatever was once fixed to the land 

 was thereby made a part of it, so as to be irremoveable by any one but 

 the owner of the fee-simple. But the strictness of this rule has been 

 from time to time considerably relaxed, regard being had to the object 

 of the annexation, the nature of the article, the relation of the parties 

 between whom questions have arisen, and other considerations. 

 Questions as to fixtures arise principally between three classes of 

 persons. 1st, Between landlord and tenant ; 2ndly, Between the 

 executors of a tenant for life or in tail and the i u.m or 



reversioner; and, Srdly, Hctwccn the heir ami thn executor of the' 

 party who put up or attached the article to the premises. 



1. As to the law of fixtures between landlord and tenant. 



A tenant may in general remove articles which he has himself 

 affixed to the premises solely for the purpose of trade am 1 manufactures, 

 wherever the removal is not contrary to any prevailing cuot 

 trade. It cannot however -be said to be established that a tenant may 

 remove substantial and permanent additions to his premi . <). tin- 

 ground of their having been built exclusively for the purposes of his 

 trade, such as workshops, storehouses, mills, or other buildings < 

 description ; nor is it clear that trade-erections of a less substantial 

 character, such as furnaces and flues of smelting or glass-houses, or 

 the stories and floors of malting-houses, &c., are in all cases removeable 

 by a tenant. In such cases, somewhat will depend upon the degree in 

 which the freehold will be deteriorated by the removal' of the 

 or the article itself injured or destroyed before it can be taken away. 



There are also instances in which articles which have been fixed to 

 the freehold, partly for the purposes of trade and |iartly for 

 put-pones, have been he]. I removeable. Besides the ;> 

 fixtures slightly put up fr the ornament of a hou*e or I<T <lincstic 

 use may also be removed by the tenant. But things attached to the 

 freehold for agricultural purposes only are not removeable. 



The following lints, given by Chitty, in his treatise on the ' Law 

 of Contracts' (6th edit.!, nhow what fixtures have been decided or 

 iMip to judicial dicta, to be removeable or not as 

 between landlord and tenant. 



1. List of things held not to be K l>> thu Tenant : 



Agricultural erections. 



Alehouse bar. 



Barns fixed in the ground. 



Beast-house. 



Benches. 



Box-borders. 



Carpenter's shop. 



( .1:1 hoUM 



chimney-pieces (iu general). 



Conservatories. 



DOOM 



Dressers. 



