ia 



FORESTALLING. 



FORGE j FORGING-MACHINK. 



may be enriched by some manure to make the seed vegetate. If it is 

 small, it may be sown in drills, and the acorn* and larger need* may 

 be dibbled regularly a* bean* are in a garden. The ground being kept 

 vrry free from weed* by hoeing, the plant* will rise regularly, and 

 hey may be thinned out after the first year ; those which are taken 

 out may be transplanted after cutting off the tap-root, in another spot 

 in the nursery. When the tree* are three or four year* old, and have 

 clean and straight items, the aide branches having been carefully 

 pruned off, they may be transplanted where they are to remain. The 

 ground should be trenched and well drained if It U wet It is useful 

 in northern climate* to plant hardy evergreens, such a* the Scotch fir, 

 Mnmypt forest tree*, to serve aa shelter to them while they are tender. 

 That* are called nurse*, and are generally cut out, a* the oak*, ash, 

 beech, and other more valuable tree* grow up. If the ground i* dry 

 it i* only necessary to dig a hole eighteen inches deep and a yard in 

 diameter, for each tree ; this is to be half filled up with the loose 

 earth taken out ; the young tree is then to be placed on thi* surface 

 and it* root* ipread out, the tap-root being cut off'. Tho best earth is 

 then carefully spread over the roots and trod in with tho feet, and the 

 whole filled up to the level of the ground. In wet situations the trees 

 are sometimes placed nearly on the surface of the ground, and a small 

 mound of earth is raised round the stem ; but it i* much better to 

 drain the land properly, without which the plantations will never 

 thrive. The proper distance to plant oaks is ten feet apart each way 

 with a fir-tree between every two. In five years half of the firs may 

 be cut out, and the oaks pruned where it is necessary. In fifteen 

 year* all the firs will be cut out and the oaks will be able to protect 

 one another. In twenty-five years from transplanting, half of the trees 

 may be cut down, and the remainder thinned out gradually as they 

 spread and advance in growth. 



In England, where crooked piece* of large oaks are of value in ship- 

 building, the side branches are not taken off higher than fifteen or 

 twenty feet from the ground ; and where trees have plenty of room, a* 

 in hedge-rows or parks, this may be judicious, but in close plantations 

 it is of advantage to have a long stem without branches. Knee-timber, 

 as it is termed, ia however now much less in demand than formerly, on 

 account of the method adopted of artificially bending straight timber 

 for purpose* of naval construction. In France and Germany the 

 branches are always cut off to the height of thirty or forty feet 

 This U done gradually as the tree grows. When the branch is very 

 young it may be cut close to the tree, and the bark will soon cover 

 the wood and obliterate the scar. When they arc larger, it is best to 

 shorten them to a few inches from the stem the first year, and cut 

 them close the next : when a branch is cut close in a young tree no 

 portion of it must project beyond the wood of the stem, and if a 

 portion of the bark of the latter is cut to make all smooth, it will 

 be no detriment, and the wound will soon heal over provided it is 

 done at the proper time. But if a large branch is cut so that the 

 bark cannot grow over the wound in one year, there is great danger 

 of causing a fault in the wood by the decay of the heart of the 

 branch ; in that case it is better to cut it at some distance from the 

 trunk, and to shorten it repeatedly till the branch dies naturally and 

 breaks off. In that case no flaw will be found in tho wood. This is 

 the operation of nature in a close wood, which we should endeavour to 

 imitate. 



FORESTALLING was, like engrossing, an offence at common law 

 against trade. It is described in 5 & 6 Edw. VI. c. 14, to be the 

 buying or contracting for any merchandise or victual coming in the 

 way to market ; or dissuading persons from bringing their goods or 

 provisions there, or persuading them to enhance the price when there, 

 any of which practices were supposed to make the market dearer 

 to the fair trader. The prohibition seems to have been derived from 

 the Roman law, which imposed a penalty of twenty pieces of gold in 

 such cases. (' Dig.' 48, tit 12. 2.) 



The true principle* of trade being now better understood, fore- 

 stalling is no longer an offence. 



FORFEITURE, the punishment by loss of lands, estates, rights, 

 offices, or personal effects, annexed by law to certain crime*, and also 

 to certain illegal acts or negligence in the holder of lands or office*. 



In criminal cases forfeiture is threefold: 1. Of real estate* abso- 

 lutely, aa for high treason ; if freehold, to the king; if copyhold, to 

 the lord. 2. Of the profit* of the real estate, U freehold, to the crown 

 during the life of the offender, and a year and a day afterward*, in the 

 case of petty treason or murder [FELONY], after which the land escheat* 

 to the lord [ESCHEAT] ; if it i* copyhold, it is at once forfeited to the 

 lord. 8. Of good* and chattels, in felonies of all sorts. Some other 

 cues of forfeiture of land or goods, or both, are established by different 

 statutes, as the statutes of premunire, ftc. 



Land* are forfeited upon attainder, and not before [ATTAINDER] ; 

 good* and chattel*, upon conviction. The forfeiture of lands has 

 relation to the time of the offence committed ; tho forfeiture of good* 

 and chattels has not, and those only are forfeited which tho oil. n.l.r 

 ha* at the time of hi* conviction. A bond fide alienation of his good* 

 and chattel* made by a felon or traitor between the commission of the 

 offence and his convi< tin i therefore valid. 



The statute 15 ft 16 Viet. c. 3, contains directions for keeping 

 account*, and for investment and disposition of forfeited property 

 recurring to the queen by virtue of her prerogative. 



Forfeiture in civil case* take* place where a tenant of a limited, or, 

 a* it is called, a particular estate, grant* a larger estate than his own, 

 as where a tenant for life assumes to convey the fee-simple. So, if a 

 copyholder commit* waste, or refuse* to do suit of court, or a lonon 

 impugns the title .of hi* U**or ; for in all these oases there is a re- 

 nunciation of the connection and dependence, which constitute the 

 tenure, and which are an implied condition annexed to every limited 



Forfeiture may also be the conaequenoe of the breach of express con- 

 dition* or covenant* between landlord and tenant, or person* connected 

 in tenure ; but in cases of forfeiture where compensation can be made 

 for the breach of the condition, a court of equity will compel the l*rty 

 entitled to the forfeiture to accept compensation. The right to take 

 advantage of a forfeiture may also be waived by any act of the person 

 entitled which recognises the continuance of the title in the particular 

 tenancy, u, for instance, the receipt of rent by a landlord in respect 

 of a time subsequent to the act by which the forfeiture ia incurred. 



I juids may also be forfeited by alienation contrary to law, as by 

 alienation in mortmain without licence, or to an alien : in the i 

 instance, if the immediate lord of the fee, or the lord paramount, neg- 

 lect to enter, the crown may ; and in the latter, though the conveyance 

 is effectual, yet as an alien cannot hold lands the crown may enter, 

 upon office found. [OFFICE FOUND.] 



Office* are forfeited by the neglect or misbehaviour of the holders ; 

 and the right to the next presentation to ecclesiastical benefices i* 

 forfeited by simony and by lapse. Simony is the corrupt presentation 

 of any one to an ecclesiastical benefice for money, gift, or reward. 

 Lapse i* where the patron neglect* to present to a benefice within six 

 months after it has become vacant, in which case the right to present 

 accrues to the ordinary ; by neglect of the ordinary for the same spaoe 

 of time, to the metropolitan ; and by the like neglect of the metropo- 

 litan, to the crown. [BEVEFICE.] 



FORGE; FORGING MACHINE. Many improvements have been 

 introduced in recent years in the apparatus for forging or hammering 

 heated iron. We do not advert here to the marvellous powers of 

 Nasmyth's steam hammer [HAMMED], but to contrivances of a smaller 

 and more generally applicable kind. As is well known, a common 

 smith's forge consults chiefly of a hearth on which the burning fuel is 

 placed, bellows for exciting the intensity of the heat, anvils on which 

 to rest the heated metal while being forged, and hammers and swage* 

 to bring the metal into form. An anchorsmith's forge is somewhat 

 similar, but on a larger scale. The recently-invented forges, however, 

 are all intended to effect something more than can be accomplished by 

 the ordinary forge, either in quantity or in kind. \Vc will :ulduce a 

 few instances. 



Richards's forging machine accomplishes all the operations of heat- 

 ing, holding, carrying forward, turning, and hammering the piece of 

 heated metal which is under process. The face of the hammer has a 

 peculiar curved movement, to draw the piece of metal . orward ; and 

 the swages or shaping dies, carried on the lower aide of he hammer, 

 have such forms and positions that the heated metal, placed between 

 them and the anvil, is made to assume a shape successively nearer and 

 nearer to that which is desired. 



Chaplin's forge is compact and portable, and gives out an intense 

 heat An upright iron frame contains the blowing apparatus. A 

 sheet-iron tray is mounted on wheels : and an upright front is attached 

 to the tray by a single bolt. The fuel is contained in a long concave 

 pan of cast-iron, bolted to the frame, the bolt* acting as hinge* for 

 folding up ; and the opposite end of the pan is supported I 

 standards. An adjustable dead-plate is fitted to the inner front of tho 

 frame, to prevent the injurious action of the heat on the M 

 machine. A portable hinged hood is so fitted aa to reflect the heat 

 downwards, and carry off the smoke. A cold-water trough i* hooked 

 upon the end of the fire-pan. The blowing apparatus consitts of small 

 fans placed near the bottom of the frame ; it is driven by a band from 

 a pulley on the spindle of a winch-handle : or, in another arrangement, 

 a treadle is used instead of a winch, thereby leaving the hand at 

 liberty. This ingenious arrangement of parts would render the forge 

 available as a shot-heater, or for melting small quantities of iron or 

 brass ; for the Utter purpose, the fire-pan is superseded by a cupola 

 lined with fire-clay. So intense is the.heat produced in this forge, that 

 a bar of iron an inch and a half in diameter can bo brought to a 

 welding temperature in four minute*. 



Hattersley's forging machine comprises such an arrangement of 

 swages, dies, or hammers, as effect* great saving of time, and enables 

 the forging to be finished in one heat There is a rapid mode of 

 transferring the bars of heated iron from one pair of swages to 

 another. 



Ryder's machine consist* of a series of hammers, or vertical stampers, 

 so varied in shape as gradually to forge tho heated metal in; 

 desired form. The patent for this machine expired in 1866, and 

 application was made for a renewal, on the ground that thr im 

 had only become profitable when the patent was nearly out ; but thi* 

 application was refused. 



The last which wo shall notice is Campbell's steam-forge, which 

 combines both a blowing and a striking apparatus. It is worked by a 

 mall steam-engine, which obtains its steam partly by the action of the 

 forge fire. There is a small horizontal steam-cylinder attached to the 



