tu 



FROM 1 1 :. 



by 4 A i Will IV. c. 40, to be addressed to the barrister appointed to 

 certify the rale* of friendly eooistaes, London. 



The provisions of the set of 1894 (4 A 6 Will. IV. c. 40) are for 

 the mort put confined to matter* of regulation which it is uot neces- 

 sary to notice her*. 



the following ere among the benefits derived from a Friendly Society 

 being enrolled under the Geo, IV. e. 66, as amended by the 4 & 5 

 \Vtii. IV. c. 40 : 1. The rules are binding, and may be legally en- 

 forced ; 2. Protection is given to the members, wives and children, 

 Ac., in enforcing their just claim*, and againit any fraudulent disso- 

 lutiun of the society ; 3. The property of the society u declared to bo 

 rsstsd in the trustee or treasurer for the time being ; 4. The tnistee 

 or treasurer may, with respect to property of society, mio and be sued 

 in hi* own mine ; 5. Fraud committed with respect to property of 

 society is punishable by justices ; 6, Court of Exchequer may compel 

 transfer of stock, Ac., if officer of society abscond or refuse to transfer, 

 Ac ; 7. Application may be made to Court of Exchequer by petition, 

 free from payment of court or counsel's fees, Ac. ; 8. Disputes settled 

 by reference to justices or arbitrator* order of justices or award of 

 arbitrator* final ; 9. Power to inrest their funds to any amount in 

 Barings' bank ; 10. Power to invest their funds with the commissioners 

 for the reduction of the national debt, and to receive interest at the 

 rate of Si. Oi. lOrf. per cent. ; 11. Priority of payment of debto, in case 

 officer, Ac., of society become bankrupt, insolvent, has an execution, 

 Ac., against his property, or dies; 12. In case of death of members, 

 payment may be made of sum not exceeding 201., without the expense, 

 Ac., of obtaining letters of administration ; 13. Members are allowed 

 to be witnesses in all proceedings, criminal or civil, respecting property 

 of society ; 14. Exemption of all documents, Ac., from stamp-duty. 



Societies thus constituted and privileged must be acknowledged to 

 be a great improvement upon the old benefit clubs. Before these 

 societies were regulated by statute, temptation was held out to obtain 

 members by the smallness of the contributions, which proved in the 

 course of years wholly inadequate to answer the demands that were 

 then sure to arise, although the income of the society had at first, 

 while the members continued young, been sufficient for the purpose. 

 The mischief thus fell upon them when they had become old and 

 infirm, and had no means of relieving themselves from it; this evil is 

 now prevented by the compulsory adoption of tables prescribing such 

 rates of contributions and allowances as experience has demonstrated 

 to be sufficient and equitable. 



By the 10 Geo. IV. c. 56 (as amended by the 4 A; 5 Wm. IV. c. 40), 

 friendly societies may be formed for providing relief to members, their 

 wives, children, relations, or nominees, in sickness, infancy, advanced 

 age, widowhood, or other natural state of contingency whereof the 

 occurrence is susceptible of calculation by way of average, or for any 

 other purpose which is not illegal ; the rules therefore may now pro- 

 vide for relief in case of loss by fire, or by shipwreck ; substitutes if 

 drawn for the militia ; a weekly allowance if reduced to a workhouse, 



imprisoned for debt, and for payment towards the expenses of the 

 feast, Ac. Ac. ; but. for all such purposes, the contributions must be 

 kept separate and distinct from the payments which may be required, 

 on account of relief in case of sickness, infancy, advanced age, widow- 

 hood, or other natural state of contingency, susceptible of calculation 

 by way of average; or the charges may bo defrayed at the time l,y 

 extra subscription of the members. The money payable on the death 

 of a member may be received by any person nominated by such mem- 

 ber, and is not confined to his wife, child, or relation. 



It is unnecessary to give the tables of contributions required from 

 members of friendly societies, hi order to insure to their members the 

 benefits of such institutions, as every information respecting the 

 establishment of friendly societies maybe obtained, free of expense, on 

 application, through a post-paid letter, to the " Barrister appointed to 

 certify the Rules of Friendly Societies, London." 



On the 20th of November, 18 58, the number of friendly societies 

 which had direct accounts with the commissioners for reduction of the 

 national debt was 571, and the amount of their deposit* was 080,3547. 

 There were besides, at the same date, 9994 friendly societies, which 

 had the sum of 1,662,7847. invested in savings' banks. 



Since the passing of the Act of 1793 to the end of 1858, there had 

 been enrolled and certified 28,550 friendly societies, of which 6830 hod 

 then ceased to exist, and several more ceased in 1869, chiefly from the 

 decreased number of members, and from their growing age wit In ml. 

 the admission of younger members. A large number of these .-< 

 exist, also, of which the rules are not certified, nor are they enrolled, 

 and the parliamentary report expresses its belief in the unsoundness of 

 many of them, owing to the insufficiency of the contributions. 



Fit I KX I >S [Qt'AKKBS.] 



KIMKSI.AMi (JIIKEN. [GiiEKJt, Brwitmck green.] 



FHIK/.K. [COLUMN; GREEK ARCHITECTURE.] 



FltlCATK | SHIP.] 



FltliilliAIUt'M. [BATH.] 



KlflsiANs, :i ].. ,.[,!,. ,,f Germany, who formed part of the nation of 

 the Ingievoncs. Tlu-ir name has been by some derived fr..m the low 

 German wonl ' fnwn," to shake or tremble, in allusion to the nature 

 of their country, the soil .,f which is an unstable or shaking moor. 

 They were divi.led into Friali Minor, , win. inhabited thu lands north 

 of the island of UieBaUvi th. ),.,.-, nt provinces of Oberyswjl, Udders, 



and Utrecht, and the greater part of the province of Holland, inclusive 

 of the Zuider*ee, which at that time was mostly dry land ; and the 

 Frisii Major.*, who inhabited the land between the Yssel, Ems. and 

 the country of the Bructeri that U, the present provinces of West 

 FrieaUnd and Urouiugen. The old Rhine separated them from the 

 Batavi, and the Ems from the Cbauci. According to Tacitus (' Ann.' 

 ii. -J4) they were the most steadfast allies whom the Romans pos- 

 sessed in this quarter; they aided Druaua and Germauicus in tli.-ir 

 campaigns against the Cherusoi, and saved the Roman fleet 

 destruction at the mouth of the Ems. But this state of amity was 

 broken off upon the Romans making an attempt to treat them an 

 subjects ; they thenceforward became declared enemies of Rome, and 

 razed, with one exception, all her strongholds in these parts, 1 

 in the 28th year A.D., when Olennius was the Roman lieutenant, turned 

 upon the Romans, slain about 900 of them near the woods of Badu- 

 henna, and freed themselves from their dominion. (Tacit 'Ann.' iv. 

 o. 7-. 73.) Corbulo, the Roman general under Claudius, A.D. 47, re- 

 duced them to obedience, and Nero drove them out of some districts 

 on this side of the Zuidersee, which they had invaded. (Tacit. ' Ann.' 

 xiii. c. 54.) From this period until the 4th and 5th centuries, when 

 they appear as members of the great confederacy of the Saxons, no 

 mention of them occurs. We find them at this time holding the sea- 

 coasts from the Schelde to the Elbe and Kyder, whence it has been 

 conjectured that a variety of tribes were then comprehended under 

 the name of Frisians. They now passed over into Britain, in company 

 with the Angles and Saxons, and aided them in its conquest. Under 

 the emperor Julian they mode themselves masters and retained pos- 

 session of the island of the Batavi, on which spot they were sorely 

 humbled by Pepin, major-domo of the Franks, who put Radbod their 

 king to flight, and wrested the whole of their western lands from them 

 as far as the mouths of the Rhine. Poppo, Radbod's successor, made 

 a fruitless attempt to recover the lost territory, and was driven back 

 by Charles Mattel. Charlemagne hereupon brought the eastern 

 dominions of the Frisians under subjection, and appointed' his own 

 dukes over them, whose office subsequently merged into that of chief- 

 t tin Ui'iuptling). The result of continued struggles for the mastery 

 between these chieftains, who called themselves counts, was, that 

 count Edzard prevailed, and established himself In that part called 

 East Friesland, in 1458. In 1657, count Enno acknowledged it as a 

 fief of the empire under the emperor Keidinand, and was raised by 

 him to the dignity of a sovereign prince ; but both his power and that 

 of his descendants was jealously limited by the national states. The 

 last prince died in 1744, and by virtue of an imperial grant in 1690, 

 Prussia took possession of East Friesland. It was wrested from her in 

 1808, and transferred to Holland ; in 1810 it became a province of the 

 Kreneli i-mpire ; in 1818 Prussia recovered it, and in 1815 she ceded 

 it to Hanover. 



The western part of the Frisian territory, or West Friesland, is a 

 province of the kingdom of Holland. 



The ancient Frisians resembled the Germans in their habits and 

 mode of living, and according to Tacitus, the only tribute they could 

 afford to pay the Romans consisted of skins. They were governed by 

 two princes, whose authority was extremely confined. Their descen- 

 dants are settled among the small islands on the western coast of the 

 duchy of Schleswig, and preserve not only the name of Frisians, but 

 many vestiges of their customs and dress. 



Fit IT. [GLASS.] 



l-'i:c\|i|-:. th,' name of a political faction in France during the 

 minority of Louis XIV., which was hostile to the prime minister, 

 Cardinal Mnznrin, and to the queen regent, who supported him. In 

 consequence of some disputes between the parliament of Paris and the 

 court, the cardinal ordered the arrest of the president and of one of 

 the councillors of the parliament in August, 1648, and this act was the 

 signal of a civil war. The party opposed to the court affected to 

 declare themselves not against the queen's govermm nt, I ml, only 

 against the cardinal, whom they attacked by accusation u and lampoons, 

 from which they derived the name of " Frondeurs," " censurcrs," or 

 " jeorcrs." They had for leaders the Duke of Beaufort, the Duke de 

 Nemours, the Prince of Conti, the Duke de Vi ndotm . the Abbe" do 

 Retz (afterwards cardinal), Marshal Turenne, and other men of the 

 first rank, as well as ladies, among others the Duchessedc Longueville, 

 who was a most conspicuous and violent, gmrtison. The people of Paris 

 took part with the Frondeurs; they drew chains across the streets, 

 attacked the troops, and obliged the queen to liberate the two mem- 

 bers of the parliament This was called " the day of the barricades." 

 A kind of truce took place; but the parliament, continued refractory, 

 the court hostile, and the people tumultuous; and the queen regent, 

 seeing herself obliged, in January, 1649, to remove from Paris with 

 her son to St. Germain, charged the Duke of Orleans and the Prince of 

 ( ', h.l.' \. ith the task of reducing Paris by blockade. Louis XIV. was 

 then little more than ten years of age, but be never forgot the humi- 

 i being obliged to leave his capital, and this was the first cause 

 of his subsequent hostility towards 11 rat Tliat court, in the 



mean lime, exercised sovereign power in tin' eapilal, !,%!, tl troops, and 

 parotid a resolution declaring ' Maznrin a public enemy, and 



outlawing him. (' nient de Paris,' Amsterdam, 1709.) 



After some lighting in the neighbourhood of Paris a truce was made, 

 a general amnesty was granted f.y the queen, the parliament retained 



