IKS; FUNDING 8 VST KM. 



FUN I 



c, by Dr. Oalleott. The *nn of the Fundamental BMC, found.*! 

 on harmonics, and a continual addition of thirds to the triiul, in 

 indebted for ita origin to Ranieau, the celebrated IVM.II composer 

 [RAMCAI , in Hlou. HIT.], and wa* once almost universally received. 

 D'Alembert wrote a book to explain and eulogise it, and Marpurg, a 

 most distinguished theorist, adopted it in his ' Hantlbuoh bey dem 

 GeneralbasM.' But though it may be rendered in some degree 

 enrioeable in the analysis of chorda, it u in mure than one respect 

 erroneous, and the rules drawn from it by ita author would cruelly 

 fetter genius, were they allowed to exert any influence on the com- 

 position of nuutic. Rameau'a once vaunted system in now therefore 

 entirely laid .wide, even in the country that gave it birth. 



FUNDS; FUNDING SYSTEM. [NATIONAL DEBT.] 



KI'NKKAL, the performance of the rites of sepulture or burial ; 

 generally supposed to be derived from the Latin /HUM, "a torch," 

 bVaHHf, at least in the Roman times, funerals were sometimes per- 

 formed by torch-light. Others derive the word from jtkfatot ($xW), 

 " slaughter," as designating death. 



The Egyptians are among the earliest people of whose religious 

 ceremonies we have authentic accounts, more particularly in what 

 related to their dead. Upon this occasion the parents and friends of 

 the deceased put on mourning habits, and abstained from gaiety and 

 entertainments. The mourning lasted from forty to seventy days, 

 during which time the body was embalmed, 'and, when the process wa* 

 completed, placed in a sort of chest, which was afterwards preserved 

 either in their houses or in the sepulchres of their ancestors. Before 

 the dead were allowed to be deposited in a tomb, they underwent a 

 solemn judgment, upon an unfavourable issue of which they were 

 deprived of the rite of burial. The funeral was conducted with great 

 ceremony. The embalmed body was conveyed on a kind of sledge 

 drawn by cows or oxen, or placed in a boat and towed along the river. 

 In front of the bier, a seated figure representing Anubis U often seen 

 in Egyptian paintings. The sledge was preceded by hired female 

 mourners, with their breasts uncovered, and their hair hanging loose 

 down their backs. The relatives followed, and priests were in attend- 

 ance to perform the necessary religious ceremonies ; but, judging from 

 the ancient paintings of funerals, the arrangements varied considerably 

 with persons of different ranks and at different times. (See Roeeellini, 

 plate* No. cxxvii., 4c. ; and Wilkinson.) 



Among the ancient Jews it is clear that great regard was paid to 

 a due performance of the rites of sepulture. (Qen. xxiii. 2-4 ; 1. 7-13; 

 2 G'hron. xxxii. 38 ; Amos v. 16 ; and the references to interment gene- 

 rally throughout the Scriptures.) In Egypt and Babylon the Jews 

 seem to have placed the body in a coffin ; but elsewhere, both in the 

 earlier ages and in the time of our Saviour, it was customary to wrap 

 the corpse in linen cloths and carry it quickly to the tomb. That they 

 sometimes burnt the body is clear ; but burial in a sepulchre was the 

 more usual fashion. (See further, John, 'Jewish Antiquities,' 205- 

 211, and the various commentators on the Bible. The circumstances 

 attending the burial of the dead among the modern Jews are minutely 

 detailed by D. Levi, in his ' Succinct Account ' of their Rites and 

 Ceremonies, pp. 162-170.) 



In the religious creed both of the Greeks and Romans, sepulture 

 was peculiarly an act of piety towards the dead, without which it was 

 (upjHieed the departed spirit could not reach a place of rest. To be 

 deprived of the proper rites was considered 'the greatest misfortune 

 (Homer, ' Od.,' v. 311, and xi. G6); and the abhorrence of certain 

 crimes was strongly marked by the refusal of burial to criminals con- 

 victed of them. The funeral rites of the Greeks and Romans were in 

 many respects similar, and among both nations the practice prevailed 

 of burning the dead and collecting the ashes in urns. In the case of 

 public funerals, according to Servius's ' Commentary on Virgil,' the 

 deceased was kept seven or eight days, and every day washed with hut 

 water, or sometimes with oil, that in case he were only in a slumber 

 he might be waked ; and at stated intervals, his friends, meeting, made 

 a shout with the same view : this was called nmrlauuiiio. On the 

 seventh day, if no signs of life appeared, he was dressed and placed on 

 a couch in the vestibule, with the feet outwards, as if about to take his 

 departure, a piece of coin being placed in his mouth for the purpose 

 of paying the fee of the ferryman in Hades. In the course of these 

 even days, an altar was raised near the bed-side, called aeerra, on 

 which the friends offered incense. The scene hero described is fre- 

 quently represented in ancient bas-relief* : several such are in the 

 llrii i-h Museum. On the seventh day the last " oonclamatio " ended, 

 when the couch and body were carried to the rotlra, where the nearest 

 of kin pronounced the funeral oration, and afterwards to the fun.r.d 

 pile. In the case of persons of importance, the funeral procession was 

 often very splendid. The cost of funerals of persons dying intestate 

 was determined by an officer appointed for the purpose. The lxly 

 having been consumed, the ashus were gathered, inclosed in an urn, and 

 finally laid in the sepulchre or tomb. An apotheosis, or canon i 

 was frequently irt of the funeral ceremony of the eni|>cror. A ln- 

 quet wan a port of the funeral ceremony among both the Greeks and 

 Roman*. A Ithoiigh the practice of cremation was general with l-.th 

 people, interment was always more or less resorted to. The practice 

 of I. liming the dead eventually gave way before the spread of 

 



In the British Museum are numerous marble cinerary urns (or those 



which contained the ashes of the dead), both of Greek and Roman date, 

 nnd others of painted earthenware, both Greek and Etruscan. There 

 are also in the British Museum many solid funeral urns, which were 

 merely commemorative of the deoiMed ; as well a* inscribed monu- 

 mental tablets, and columns, or cippi. We give cute of two of these 

 Greek urns. The first, a fragment of a fine cinerary urn, is in the 

 Klgin Saloon (No. 275). The young man and woman who are joining 



Cinerary Urn in the British Miucnm. 



hands have their names inscribed above, Demostrate and Kallisto. 

 The second cut is from a solid funeral urn, 2 feet 34 inches high, 

 in the ruins of the Corinthian portico in the bazaar at Athens. It is 

 now in the Elgin Saloon (No. 192). From the inscription we learn 



Solid Funeral Urn In the British Museum. 



that the standing figure in the centre of the bas-relief represents I'.nn- 

 phihis, son of Mixiodes, of the deme .Egilia, the seated figure Wing 

 his sister Archippe. 



The fimer.il rites of the Greeks and Romans hare been collected 

 with great research by Guichard in his ' Knnerailles, et diverses 

 s d'ensevelir des Romoins, Grecs, etantres Nations,' 4t.>. I.y..n, 

 1581 ; by Meureius, in his treatise ' De Funere Gneconun ft Horn. mo. 

 ruin,' 12mo, Hag. Com., 1604 ; by Gutherius, 'De Jure M.-ini. 

 ill- Kim, More, ct Legibus prisci Vuneris,' llimo, Par., ]61:t. n | 

 in 4to, 1615, and again in 8vo, Lips., 1671 ; anil by Kii.'lmi.-m. De 

 Funeril'ii* Komaiiormn Libri IV.,' linn.. llamb., 1605, and Lugd. 

 ,"-'. See also the Nations," par 



le Sr. M.u.t. l-.'mo, 1'ar., ir.77 ; Stackebcrg, ' Die Gruber dor Helle 

 nen,' and Kircbman, ' Do Fun mis." 



I'.ii tin funeral rites of the early Christians, the reader may consult 

 Gretscr ' Do Funere Christiano,' 4to, Ingolst, 1011 ; and he may learn 

 the customs of a later period from Diirand, who wrote his ' Rationale 

 lUviiKirniii Officiorum' in the 12th century. 



Investigations among the sepulchral tumuli of the n< >rth. TII 

 show clearly that though before the intn>dm-tion of Christianity (ho 

 practice of cremation prevailed, that of burying the dead unbnrnt was 

 observed also in the later ]>eriods of the in Ni way 



and Denmark, as well as throughout Germany, Krnnce, and KnglandL 

 (See Worsaac's 'Primeval Antiquitim of Denmark,' I ranslatcd liy \V. 

 J. Thorns, 1840 ; nnd the articles CnoMU-.rn and T 



Tacitus, in his treatise ' De Moribus Gwinanoriiiii,' (e. 27) notices 

 the simplicity of the funerals among the ancient Germans. Like the 

 Romans, they burned t|i.-ir dead. The things which a German \ 



