237 



FUNERAL ORATIONS. 



FUNICULAR MACHINE. 



23S 



most were bis arms and hU horse : these were added to the funeral 

 pile, with a persuasion that the deceased would have the same pursuits 

 in his new state of existence. In the tomb of Childeric, king of the 

 Franks, his spear, his sword, with his other warlike weapons, and even 

 his horse's head, were found. (See Montfaucon, ' Monumens de la 

 Monarchie Franeoise,' torn. i. p. 10.) 



Brand, in his ' Popular Antiquities,' vol. ii., p. 139 to 212, has much 

 upon the English ceremonials, beginning with ' Watching with the 

 Dead,' called in the North of England the Lake- Wake ; he then pro- 

 ceeds with ' Laying out or streaking the Body ; ' setting salt or candles 

 upon it ; funeral entertainments ; sin-eaters ; mortuaries ; following 

 the corpse to the grave, and carrying evergreens, torches, and lights, 

 at funerals ; black used in mourning ; the pall and under-bearers ; 

 doles and donations to the poor at funerals ; church-yards ; gar- 

 lands in churches; and strewing flowers upon graves. Strutt's 

 ' Manners and Customs,' Gough's ' Sepulchral Monuments of Great 

 Britain,' and ' Notes and Queries,' vols. vi. to xii. of series 1, are 

 other works to which the reader may refer for the older funeral rites 

 of England. 



Funeral entertainment, called silicernia and cfte fera7e by the 

 'is, are of very ancient date. They are still kept up iu the north 

 of England, and are there called arvals or arvils. Among some 

 extracts from the Berkeley Manuscripts, we read that " From the 

 death of Maurice, the fourth Lord Berkeley, which happened 

 June 8th, 1368, until his interment, the reeve of his manor of 

 Hmton spent three quarters and seven bushels of beans in fatting one 

 hundred geese towards his funeral, and divers other reeves of manors 

 the like, in geese, ducks, and other poultry." Walsingham, speaking 

 of those who attended Richard II.'s funeral at Langley, in 1399, says, 

 " Nee erat qui eos invitaret ad prandium post laborem." (' Hist.' 

 p. 405.) Shakspere has a well-known allusion to these feasts in 

 ' Hamlet,' act i. sc. 2 : 



" The funeral baked meats 

 Did coldly furnish forth the marriage tables." 



Lafitau, Charlevoix, and other travellers describe funeral ceremonies 

 not unlike some of those above noticed as prevalent among the savages 

 of America. Robertson (' Hist, of Amer.' vol. ii., b. 4) says, as they 

 imagine that departed spirits begin their career anew in the world 

 whither they are gone, they bury together with the bodies of the dead, 

 their bow, their arrows, and other weapons used in hunting or war ; 

 they deposit in then- tomb the skins or stuffs of which they make 

 garments, Indian corn, venison, domestic utensils, and whatever in 

 reckoned among the necessaries in their simple mode of life. 



I i XERAL ORATIONS, discourses at funerals, are of great anti- 

 quitv. The second book of Thucydides (e. 35, &c.) contains the 

 laboured harangue delivered by Pericles at the solemn funeral cere- 

 mony instituted in honour of those Athenians who fell at the beginning 

 of the Peloponnesian war ; and other similar orations are extant iu 

 Greek. Augustus, at the early age of twelve, performed this office for 

 his grandmother, and afterwards, when emperor, for the young Mar- 

 cellus. Tacitus tells us that Nero pronounced a funeral oration over 

 bis wife Poppsca. Funeral orations were equally common over 

 Christian martyrs ; and Durand, in his ' Rationale,' says, " Ceterum 

 >!iam corpus humo injecta contegatur, defunctua oratione funebri 

 laudabatur." Fuller, in his ' Appeal of Injured Innocence ' (part iii. 

 and Misson, in his ' Travels in England,' show the continuance 

 of this practice to the close of the 17th century. Gay alludes to it in 

 hia ' Dirge : ' 



" Twenty good shillings in & rag 1 laid, 

 Be ten the parson's for his sermon paid." 



The practice of delivering what may be properly called funeral 

 orations, that is, addresses over the grave or at the interment of the 

 dead by laymen, is common among the French, and is not unfrequent 

 on great occasions among the people of the United States. In France 

 the ' Orai&ons Funebres ' of Bossuet and Fleshier have deservedly a 

 high reputation. 



Kr N K i; A L SHO \VS and GAMES frequentlyfollowed public funerals 

 among tli" Uivi-ksand Roman*. An early example of this occurs in the 

 funeral games celebrated by Achilles in honour of Patroclus. (Homer, 

 ' Iliad.') As the dead were supposed to be delighted with blood, 

 various animals, especially such as the deceased had been fond of, were 

 slaughtered at the pile, and thrown into it: and, ill still ruder times, 

 captives or slaves. Among the Romans, gladiators, called kustuarii, 

 were made to light. Junius Brutus exhibited gladiators at his father's 

 funeral ; and the ' Adelphi ' of Terence, at a later period, was produced 

 for the first time at the funeral of Lucius ^Emilins I'aulus. 



KUXGIC ACID, an acid discovered by Braconnot in the juice of 

 most fungi. This acid exists partly in a free state in the periza niyni, 

 and combined with potash in the txitfai jvgiaiutii ; it may be obtained 

 r'r mi the juice of either of these vegetables by evaporating it to the 

 of a syrup, and treating it with alcohol. The portion in- 

 '! in alcohol ix the fungate of potash, which is to be deci.i 

 by acetate of lead ; the fungato of lead is to be decomposed Ky dilute 

 sulphuric acid, or by hydro-xulphuric acid, by which the lead is sepa- 

 rated in the state of sulphate or sulphuret, and the fungic acid is left 

 in solution. 



This acid, when pure, is colourless, very sour, uucrystallisable, and 

 deliquescent; with lime it forms a salt difficult of solution, and with 

 potash and soda deliquescent uncrystallisable salts ; in these and some 

 other properties it resembles impure malic acid. Some doubt exists 

 as to whether it is a distinct acid, and M. Depaignes states that it is 

 merely a mixture of malic, citric, and phosphoric acids. 



FUNGIN, the name given by Braconnot to the fleshy substance of 

 mushrooms, purified by digestion in a hot weak solution of alkali : it 

 is whitish, soft, insipid, and but little elastic. It is not acted upon by 

 water, alcohol, ether, dilute sulphuric acid, potash, or soda ; it is dis- 

 solved by hydrochloric acid when heated, and it decomposes and is 

 decomposed by nitric acid ; the results are much gas, oxalic acid, a 

 bitter yellow matter, and two fatty substances, one of which resembles 

 wax, and the other suet ; the latter is most abundant. It is a highly 

 nutritious substance, and in many of its properties it strongly resembles 

 cellulose. [CELLULOSE.] 



FUNICULAR CURVE. [CATENARY.] 



FUNICULAR MACHINE is a name given by some mechanicians 

 to a cord or chain attached at one extremity to an immoveable point, 

 the other end passing over a fixed pulley or friction wheel and having 

 a weight suspended from it ; a weight being also suspended from the 

 cord or chain in some pait of its length between the fixed ex- 

 tremity and the pulley. The cord or chain becomes thus a mechanical 

 agent, since unequal weights, applied as has been said, may be in 

 equilibrio. 



Let A c B in a vertical plane be the position of a cord suspended 

 between two points A and B, but capable of moving freely on a pulley 

 at each of those points, and let w be a given weight suspended from 

 any point c ; the weights p and y, which should be applied to the cord, 

 at the extremities vertically below A and B, in order to produce equi- 

 librium, may be thus determined. Through c draw the vertical hue 

 c z to represent the weight w, and draw z m, z n parallel to B c, A c, 

 respectively : then, by mechanics, the lines cm, en will respectively 

 represent the strains in the directions- AC, BO, and consequently 

 the weights p and fj, which, in the case of equilibrium, must be 

 equivalent to those strains. Now since the angles A c z, B c z are 

 known, representing them by a and 6, the sine of the angle c m z may 

 be expressed by sin. (a + 4) ; and by trigonometry, 



sin. Ji' sill, a 



therefore if the cord were attached to a fixed object at one end, as A 

 or B, while capable of moving on a pulley at the other, and a weigh 

 IP were applied at any point c in its length, a weight } or p, found 

 as above, would hold w in equilibrio. 



Again, let the weights p, q, w, and the position of the pullics at 

 A and B be given, the cord moving freely on the pullies and the 

 weight w being capable of sliding by means of a ring along the cord ; 

 then the position of the parts AC, B c of the cord, when the system 

 is in e<jiiilibrio, may be found in the following manner. Imagine mri 

 to be the parallelogram of forces ; then since c z, cm, zm, may be 

 represented respectively by the known quantities w, p, q, the values of 

 the angles A c z and c 7, in or n c z may be found by trigonometry. 

 With these, by a geometrical construction, or otherwise, the required 

 positions may be readily determined, since A C' and B c make with 

 horizontal lines, as A.I/, Be passing through A and B angles equal to 

 the complements of A c z, B c z. 



A cord suspended in a vertical plane between two fixed points and 

 acted on by weights placed at different points in its length, is called 

 a funicular polygon ; and the form of the suspended cord being 

 given, with the weight to be applied at one angular point as c, 

 the weights at all the other angular points, in the case of equi- 

 librium, may be found thus. Let A and B be angular points on the 

 left and right of c, and having determined the strains represented 

 by cm, en by the parallelogram of forces at c, construct a parallelo- 

 gram at A and another at B, having vertical lines passing through A 

 and B for the directions of their diagonals, and having two sides of 

 each coincident in ilirection with the adjacent sides of the funicular 

 polygon, also making the sides (AC and ua) on AC and BC equal to 

 c m and en respectively : then the diagonals will represent the weighta 

 to be suspended at A and c, in order to counteract the strains in A C 

 and B c arising from the weight w at C. By forming parallelograms in 

 a similar manner at the other angular points, the whole system may 

 be in equilibrio. See ' Hutton's Tracts ' (Tract 1, sect. 2, prop. i.). 



