-vs OALATIANS, ST. PAUL'S EPISTLE TO THE. 



OALIPEA. 





dealing with such extremely minute quantities a* being measurable by 

 strictly mechanical mean*, lie can meaaure the relative length* of 

 two small piece* of ateel, of which one exceed* the other by not more 

 than MM millwmtA of an imek. Kay, he (eel* confident of being able to 

 teat even one-half of thia minute quantity. If we touch a piece of 

 cold metal for an mutant with the finger*, it expand* by the increase 

 of heat and the amount of thia expansion we can meuure. If the bar 

 be a yard long, the touch even by a finger-nail i* sufficient to produce 

 an elongation which hi* machine can determine. The mechanism by 

 which the astonishing result ia produced mainly consists of exquisitely 

 cut screw* with graduated nut* or heads. At preaent, this i* rather a 

 ntific than a manufacturing agent; but Mr. Whitworth ha* 

 in bringing into use new gage* for wire-drawers and the 

 irer* of sheet metal, in which the thousandth of an inch i* an 

 admitted and practicable element. Gage* are now made, having 

 jnlml number* on one Bide from No. 18 to No. 300, measuring from 

 018 to -300 of an inch. It will be for the manufacturer* to decide 

 how many thousandth* of an inch there shall be in any particular 

 sheet or wire ; but this point once determined, Mr. Whitworth'* gage 

 will enable them to measure it. He observe*, " I consider that for the 

 shop the use of standard gage* i* better than any measuring machine, 

 on account of the difficulty of using a sufficiently delicate instrument 

 in regular shop-work, and the greater liability there would be to 

 alteration in the standard both of diameter and length." 



GALATLANS, ST. PAUL'S EPISTLE TO THE, one of the 

 canonical book* of the New Testament. Its authenticity has never 

 been doubted : it was frequently cited by the apostolical and succeed- 

 ing fathers (Lardner's ' Credibility of the Oosp. History,' vol. it), 

 and was admitted by Marcion to a place among the apostolical 

 writings. The date of this epistle i* much disputed, some critics sup- 

 posing it to have been written as early a* A.D. 48, and others as late 

 a* 58. Two journey* of St Paul to Galatia are mentioned in the Acts ; 

 one in A.D. 50 (Act* xvi. 6) ; and the other in 55 (Act* xviii. 23). It 

 must have been written shortly after one of these visits, since St. Paul 

 complains (i. 6) " that they were so loon removed from him that called 

 them into the gospel of Christ unto another gospel." Michaelis, 

 ' Introduction,' vol. iv., contends that it was written soon after the first 

 visit, which took place probably about A.D. 49 or 50. But in chap. iv. 

 13, St. Paul himself says, " Ye know how through infirmity of the 

 flesh I preached the gospel unto you at the firtt (rb tflrrtpov) ," which 

 proves that the apostle had visited them twice; and thus we may 

 conclude that it was written after the second visit, or about A.D. 56 or 

 67, an opinion coincided in by the great majority of critical authorities. 

 It is stated at the conclusion to have been written from Home, but 

 this is probably incorrect, though Michaelis and others support it. 



It appears that shortly after St Paul had left Oalatia, some Judaising 

 teachers had effected a great change in the churches of that country 

 by teaching the Gentile convert* that it was necessary for them to 

 observe the ceremonial law, and submit to the rite of circumcision. 

 They alleged that the other apostles taught this doctrine, and that 

 St. Paul alone differed from them. They argued that the Galatians 

 ought not to rely upon the authority of St. Paul, since he was not 

 an apostle. These individuals were so successful that some of the 

 Oalatians appeared to have submitted to circumcision. To counteract 

 these errors St Paul wrote this epistle, in which he maintains that the 

 authority of the other apostles could not be quoted as superior to his 

 own, since he had received hi* apostleahip from Christ himself, and had 

 on this very subject " withstood Peter to the face, because he was to be 

 blamed." (i. ii.) After thus vindicating his apostolical dignity, he 

 argues in the remaining part of the epistle that the law had only been 

 intended as a preparation for Christianity, as a "schoolmaster to 

 bring men unto Christ, that they might be justified by faith," and 

 that those who considered the observance of the Jewish law as neces- 

 sary for salvation deprived themselves of the blessings of the Oospel. 

 He conclude* by exhorting them not to use the liberty which the 

 Gospel gave them " for an occasion to the flesh, but by love to serve 

 one another." On the undesigned coincidences with the ' Act*,' see 

 Paley's 'Hone Paulina;.' The number of commentaries on this 

 Epistle hare been very numerous, in Latin, German, French, and 

 English. One by Luther is still highly esteemed. 



GALAXY. [MlLKiWAT.] 



GALENA. [LEAD, Sul t ,hi,le of.] 



GALILEE, in ecclesiastical architecture. In mediaeval churche* a 

 portion of the western end of the church was frequently parted off 

 from the rest and appropriated to strangers or those 'not numbered 

 among the faithful. This was termed the Galilee, in allusion, a* i* 

 supposed, to the scriptural " Galilee of the Gentiles." Sometime* in 

 cathedral* it was an entrance porch, as at Ely and Lincoln ; sometime*, 

 a* at Durham, a large chapel at the west end of the nave : see the plan 

 of Durham Cathedral under CHURCH. It i* said that thin Galilee was 

 built for the use of female*, who were prohibited passing beyond the 

 north porch in Durham Cathedral In some parish churches a )n>rtion 

 of the western end of the nave was marked off by a step or line of 

 division, am) called the Galilee. 



GALIPEA. (Materia Medico.) The genuine Angostura or cuspnria 

 bark i* obtained from a species of this genus, but whether from the (/'. 

 auparia, a* stated by Humboldt, or from a distinct species, G. officiaalit, 

 as averted by Dr. Hancock, is not determined. Angostura bark is 



obtained both from the stem and branches; the specimens from the 

 stem are flat, from 2 to 3 line* thick, while those from the branches 

 are often quilled, and from I to 1 line thick. The piece* are some- 

 time* from 6 to 15 inches, but more frequently only from 2 to 6 inches 

 long, and from I to 2 inches broad. Some specimens have the surface 

 covered with a thick, fungus-like, whitish-yellow or clay-coloured 

 crust, which may be more or lea* easily (craped off, and beneath which 

 i* a yellowish-red smooth bark, often exhibiting small cracks. 

 specimen* have thi* covering much thinner and closely adhering to 

 the bark. The internal surface ia generally smooth, of a tawny or 

 reddish-yellow colour. 



The bark is easily broken, and the recent fracture is of a brownish- 

 red colour, smooth, with a reainy shining surface. The shining 

 appearance i* best seen when a transverse section is made with a sharp 

 knife. The smell is disagreeable : the taste pleasantly bitter, warm, 

 aromatic, and causing a flow of saliva. The powder has the colour of 

 rhubarb. The infusion is of an orange-yellow colour ; the decoction a 

 clear light brown. 



Brandes thought that he had discovered an alkaloid, which he 

 proposed to call Angosturin, but it ha* not been detected by subse- 

 quent chemist*. This bark contain* neither gallic acid nor tannin. 

 According to the analysis of Fischer it consist* of 



0-3 

 17 

 1-9 

 0-2 

 37 

 57 

 89-1 



Volatile oil (of an acrid nature) 



Bitter hard resin 



Balsamic soft resin . 



Elastic resin . 



Bitter matter (Angosturin bitter) 



Gum 



Woody fibre .... 



So minute an account of thia substance would not be necessary, 

 were not the true Angostura bark liable to be confounded with the 

 false, which possesses such poisonous properties that very fatal con- 

 sequences have resulted from the substitution of the one for the other. 

 It has been ascertained beyond any doubt, that the false Angostura 

 Kirk which comes from the East Indies, is the bark of the Strychnos 

 nux vomica. But even in Calcutta this false bark is confounded with 

 rohuna, the harmless bark of Soymida ftbrifugn. [SOYMIDA.] 



False Angostura bark was first observed in 1804 by Dr. Rambuch, 

 of Hamburg, by poisonous effects following the use of a decoction of 

 the bark ; and similar consequences having been observed at Vienna, 

 the Austrian government ordered all the Angostura bark in the 

 empire, genuine aa well as false, to be burnt, and interdicted it* future 

 importation. The Russian and Wurtemburg authorities made kn\Mi 

 the danger, and published the marks of distinction, which are 

 sufficiently characterised, and to prevent accidents, may be here 

 enumerated. 



Pieces 2 to 4 inches long; from 

 \ to 2 inches broad; from i to J 

 of a line thick. 



Epidermis having on it a number 

 of different lichens (often as many 

 as 40 species), and a yellow mem- 

 branous crust. 



The incrustation spongy and in- 

 sipid, and not changing colour by 

 the action of nitric acid. 



Crust easily removed by the 

 nail. 



Inner surface yellow, and aepa- 

 parable into layers. 



Texture not close, weight light, 

 easily broken, fracture even, shin- 

 ing, and resinous. Cute trans- 

 versely without difficulty. 



Placed in water it soon imbibes 

 it, and becomes soft 



Smell strong and disagreeable,. 



Taste an aromatic and enduring 

 bitter, but not at all disgustingly 

 bitter. 



SPURIOUS. 



Pieces of greater breadth than 

 length ; thickness never less than a 

 line, often two line*. 



Kpidcrmi* generally clear (but 

 sometime* undergoing a peculiar 

 transformation), and seldom having 

 any, or not more than two lichen* 

 (Oi*grapha Pcttctieri,aiul /'i/renula 

 nilida). A species of chiodecton 

 has been supposed to be found on 

 it, but this appearance arise* from 

 an alteration of the epidermis. 



The crust hag the general pro- 

 perties of the bark, and assumes a 

 deep green by the action of nitric 

 acid. It contains a resinous colour- 

 ing principle, Stryclinochromin. 



Crust not easily removed. 



Inner surface brown, or even 

 black, not separable into layer*. 



Texture compact, heavy, nn(. 

 easily broken, fracture even, but 

 not shining or resinous, exhibiting 

 two layers. Very difficult to cut 



Scarcely soften* in water. 



No smell. 



Taste in the highest degree dis- 

 gustingly bitter ; very durable, ami 

 not at all aromatic or astringent. 



Spurious Angostura Kirk, in the dose of eight grains, killed a dog in 

 two hour* ; ten grain* killed a young dog in a few minutes. A very 

 small glassful of an infusion endangered the life of an adult, while a 

 dose of the decoction destroyed a child with acute suffering. Ether 

 and laudanum seem to act as antidote*. Oil of turpentine may be 



