325 



GAULS. 



GEARING. 



32 



by dividing them into a considerable number of sections, and con- 

 sidering each section as a small cylinder or frustum of a cone. 

 [QUADRATURES, METHOD OP.] 



The work on gauging which is most commonly used, is Symon's 

 ' Practical Gauger,' which has been through several editions. Other 

 works a(e, those of Leadbetter, Shirtcliffe, Moss, Gutteridge, and Hey. 

 The first three are of the first half of the last century, and that of 

 Shirtclitfe contains theoretical investigations. Ward's ' Mathematician's 

 Guide,' and Hutton's and Bonnycastle's 'Mensuration,' contain small 

 treatises on the subject. 



GAULS. [CF.LTJ:.] 



KAULTHER1C ACID. [ESSENTIAL OILS. Enentiol ml of Winter- 

 greenJ] 



GAULTHERILINE. [ESSENTIAL OILS. Essential oil of Winter- 

 yreen.] 



GAUZE, a light transparent texture, made of fine silken threads. 

 Its name has led to the conjecture that this fabric was first invented 

 in Gaza, a city of Palestine. Spitalfields was, some years back, the 

 principal seat of the silk-gauze manufacture in Great Britain ; but of 

 late Paisley and Glasgow, and the villages near those towns, have 

 almost entirely engrossed this branch of husbandry ; although some is 

 made in the Derbyshire and Lancashire districts. 



Gauze is one of the very few silken fabrics in the making of which 

 the British manufacturer is still excelled by the French, both as to 

 cheapness and quality. This cheapness results from the lower rate of 

 paid to the French weavers as compared with ours ; since the 

 weight of silk contained in a yard of gauze is so trifling as to make the 

 value of the material bear but a small proportion to that of the labour 

 employed in its conversion. 



Warp./ 



Weft. 



The texture of gauze is different from that of plain weaving, in 

 which the warp, or longitudinal threads, are always parallel to each 

 other. The essential character of gauze-weaving is that between each 

 cast of the shuttle a crossing of the warp threads shall ensue, and thus 

 the weft (which forms the cross-threads interlaced by the warp) is not 

 brought into absolute contact with the cross-thread immediately 

 preceding. The intervals left between the interlacing cause that 

 degree of transparency which, without such arrangement, could 

 only result from a looseness of texture incompatible with beauty and 

 utility. 



In the present days of cheapness and imitation, gauzes, or textile 

 receiving that name, are sometimes made of a mixture of silk 

 and cotton ; or even of cotton alone. 



KLK1XI), a customary tenure existing at this day in the 

 county of Kent only. It seems that this tenure was the common 

 socage tenure among the Anglo-Saxons (Glanvil, 1. 7, c. 3), and the 

 reason of its continuance in Kent has been ascribed to the resistance 

 which the inhabitants of the county made to the Norman invaders. 

 This tenure also prevailed in Wales until the 34th Henry VIII., when 

 it was abolished by statute. The various derivations of the term 

 Gavelkind which have been suggested are given in the 1st chapter oi 

 Robinson's ' Treatise on Gavelkind.' The distinguishing properties oi 

 this tenure are : " That upon the death of the owner without a will 

 the land descends to all the sons in equal shares, and the issue of a 

 deceased son, whether male or female, inherit his part; in default of 

 sons, the land descends in equal shares to the daughters ; in default 

 of lineal heirs, the land goes to the brothers of the last holder ; and in 

 default of brothers, to their respective issue." 



The tenant may alien at fifteen years of age, by means of a feoff- 

 iiu-iit [FKUFFJIKNT], and the estate does not escheat in case of an 

 attainder and execution, the maxim being, ' the father to the bough, 

 the son to the plough.' The Imsband is tenant by curtesy of a moiety 

 . of his wife's lands, without having any issue by her; but if he marries 

 again, not having i.^sue, he forfeits his curtesy. A wife is endowed of 

 a mviety of the lauds of which her husband died .wised, not for life as 

 by the common law, but during chaste widowhood only. Gavelkind 

 lands also were generally devisable by will before the statute of wills 



ral statutes have been passed, at the request of holders of 



l.iud lands, to render them descendible according to the course 



of the common law, or, as it is called, to disgavel them. These 



statutes, however, only alter the partible quality of the customary 



descent ; they do not affect the other incidents to the tenure. Anc 



tljstanding the extent of the disgavelling statutes, it is always 



presumed that lauds in Kent are of this tenure, until the contrary is 



proved. 



This tenure existed also in Ireland as an incident to the custom of 

 tanistry and as such ceased with that custom in consequence of the 

 judgment against it. (Davis's ' Reports,' 28.) In the reign of Queen 

 Anne, with the view of weakening the Roman Catholic interest in 

 Ireland, the land of Roman Catholics was made descendible according 

 to the custom of gavelkind, unless the heir confonned within a limited 

 time; but by the stat. 17 & 18 Geo. III. c. 49 (Irish), the lands of 

 Catholics are made descendible according to the course of the common 

 law. (Robinson, p. 21.) 



This customary descent is followed in some manors, particularly in 

 the manors of Stepney and Hackney. (See the custumal of those 

 manors printed in 2 Watkins, ' Copyh.,' 508.) 



GAVOT (Gavotta, Ital., Gai-otte, Fr.), a lively dance of two strains, 

 in duple time. This generally foil., ,vu.l the minuet, and still succeeds 

 the Menuet de la Cour, when the latter is introduced on the stage. 



GAZETTE (gazzetta in Italian, gaceta in Spanish) is the name given 

 to newspapers in several parts of the Continent. The name was, 

 according to Manage and others, derived from a small Italian coin, 

 vhich was the price of the first newspaper established in that country. 

 n England the ' London Gazette ' is an official advertiser, printed 

 under the authority of government, as are also the Gazettes of Edin- 

 nirgh and Dublin for Scotland and Ireland. They contain all procla- 

 mations, orders in council, promotions and appointments to commis- 

 sions in the army or navy, the nomination of sheriffs, the appointment - 

 of ambassadors, consuls, and other civil officers of the higher ranks, 

 and all matters done by the queen in her political capacity ; the pro- 

 duction of the Gazette being sufficient evidence in courts of law for 

 transactions in consequence thereof, except in some special cases, as to 

 commissions, in which the Gazette is only secondary evidence when 

 the production of the commission itself is refused. They contain also 

 notices of all bankruptcies, insolvencies, and sequestrations, with other 

 matters connected with proceedings under them ; and the insertion of 

 such notices is made a legal notice by special enactment ; but in cases 

 of dissolutions of partnership, special notice should also be given to 

 parties with whom the firm has had dealings. Notices are required 

 to be given in the Gazette during October and November (before the 

 meeting of parliament), of intended applications for what are called 

 Private Acte, relating to inclosures, canals, railways, and such matters. 

 By special enactment also, it publishes the weekly and monthly re- 

 turns of the Bank of England, and the bank-note circulation of all the 

 banks in the United Kingdom, the prices of com, Ac. 



Gazetteer has been used in England to mean a geographical dic- 

 tionary, such as Brookes' ' General Gazetteer,' and other similar works. 

 GEARING. The parts of machinery by means of which the motion 

 communicated to one principal portion of an engine is communicated 

 to the rest, are known by the generic name of gearing, and they may 

 be either multiplying, or retarding, fixed, or moveable, straight or 

 bevilled gearing. 



Multiplying or retarding gearing is that which is used for the 

 purpose of augmenting, or diminishing, the velocity of the first motion, 

 and its action in this respect depends upon the relative dimensions of 

 the wheels gearing into one another. As the word gearing is no doubt 

 derived from the German root gerathen " to fall, or come in, or into," 

 it should, strictly speaking, be only applied to teethed wheels, but by 

 extension it is frequently made to include also both band and friction 

 wheels, and indeed in some cases their action is so nearly the same as 

 that of teethed wheels, that it is hard to draw the distinction between 

 them. The principles upon which the proportions of the diameters, 

 and the number of teeth hi multiplying or retarding gear, are fixed, 

 hi simple terms may be stated as follows. The velocities of wheels 

 gearing into one another are in the direct ratio of their diameters ; and 

 they are also in the direct ratio of the number of the teeth. For 

 instance, a wheel three feet diameter gearing into a wheel of only six 

 inches in diameter, will travel with a velocity which will be only J of 

 that of the latter ; and a wheel with 72 teeth will revolve in twice the 

 time of the revolution of a wheel with 36 teeth. When eccentric, or 

 occasional movements are required to be transmitted, it becomes 

 necessary to employ either cams or eccentric gearing. [MACHINERY, 

 COMPOSITION OF.] 



Gearing is said to be fj'ed, when it is not susceptible of being 

 disconnected with, or detached from, its corresponding work ; as for 

 instance when wheels are keyed upon their axles, and permanently 

 placed upon the leading or following wheels to which they serve as 

 intermediaries. MoreaUe ;,eariny may be either loose upon a fixed 

 axle, as in the case of the different parts of a mill wherein two shafts 

 revolve above, or by the side of, one another, and are put in relative 

 motion by means of a pinion gearing into fixed wheels on the two shafts, 

 but able to be itself detached from them, either by being moved 

 horizontally, or vertically by means of a lever ; or it may be fixed upon 

 its axle when the latter is susceptible of being put out of gearing by a 

 lateral motion, as in the case of the various motion shafts of a crab. 

 The clutch boxes, by means of which the respective portions of a long 

 shafting are placed in connection with one another, come under the 

 definition of moveable gearing ; and like all other gearing of the same 

 description, they may be so combined as to allow the direction of the 

 motion to bo changed at will. 



Straight, or fpitr Hearing is that which is employed when the axes of 

 the respective wheels and axles are parallel to one another ; betitttd 



