405 



GLAZING. 



GLOBE MAKING. 



400 



a good proportion of lamp-black, which will remain tougher and be 

 more waterproof than white-lead, carbon being much less soluble than 

 carbonate of lead. Some glaziers cement the laps at the time when 

 they are glazed, and leave a space in the centre to allow, as they say, 

 the water that forms inaide to run out ; but the spaces thus left are large 

 enough to allow of the formation of sufficient ice to break the glass. 

 Cementing is of little use if done when the work is first glazed. After 

 the glazier has left his work as finished, the glass, which is very elastic, 

 springs up enough to leave the included cement loose and inefficient. 

 The elasticity of the glass may be taken advantage of after the side 

 putty is set firm. If the cement is then pressed into the laps and 

 care is taken that they are dry, the action opens the laps, and the 

 re-action of the glass closes them, and holds the cement fast and linn. 

 The largest glazing operations ever carried on in this country were 

 probably those at the two Crystal Palaces, Hyde Park and Sydenham. 

 At the former there were 17 acres of window-glass in the roof alone, 

 besides that in the windows. The panes or squares mostly measured 

 49 inches by 10; and they were fitted into no less than 200 miles of 

 sash-bars. 



2. 3fetal-yla:iy. This has nothing to do with the fixing of glass, 

 or the application of a vitreous coating ; it is a particular mode of 

 polishing metals, especially cutlery. The glaiers, so largely employed 

 at Sheffield, are wooden wheels covered with leather, and charged 

 with fine einery, waxed to deaden the cutting action to a proper degree. 

 The larger kinds are built up piecemeal, with six or more sectors 

 having the grain placed radially. Mahogany, walnut, oak, crab-tree, and 

 birch, are the chief kinds of wood employed, mahogany being the best ; 

 and the wheels are turned into proper form before the edges are dressed. 

 The emery is applied in the state of a fine powder, moistened with 

 water. Other varieties of polishing wheel are used, nearly like glazers. 

 Buff-wheels are covered with leather in some cases half an inch in 

 thickness, taken from a bull's neck ; or sometimes old military belts 

 are used as a substitute. They are coated with coarse buff of sand and 

 water for polishing steel ; and with fat buff of rotten-stone and oil for 

 brass, Britannia metal, horn, ivory, tortoiseehell, 4c. Leather glazers 

 are covered with harder leather than buff-wheels ; it is usually thick 

 sole-leather ; the emery is attached to the surface by means of glue ; 

 and such glazers are used for polishing various kinds of steel goods 

 Leather polishers are wooden wheels covered with soft thin leather, 

 and supplied with crocus, rubbed on dry ; they are used likewise for 

 steel goods. The various leather-edged glazers used by cutlers vary 

 from four to twenty inches in diameter, and from a quarter of an inch 

 to four inches in width at the edge. At Sheffield, leather a tanned 

 expressly for many of these kinds of glazers, with a view to the extrac- 

 tion of every particle of grease. Lapidaries employ wooden glazers in 

 smoothing tuft and rounded stones ; these glazers are made of beech, 

 birch, or mahogany ; and emery is applied to their etlgcs in a 



red form, moistened with water. In what way the emery 

 admits of many different modes of treatment is explained under 

 EMERY ; while the relation which the process of metal-glazing bears to 

 other operations of Sheffield goods is shown under CUTLERY. 



3. Fictile Glminy. In EAUTIIKXWARE and PORCELAIN, descriptions 

 are given of the circumstances under which a vitreous glaze is rendered 

 necessary on the surfaces of articles in baked ware ; and on the modes 

 in which the heat of an oven fixes this coating when applied. We 

 shall here speak only of the glaze itself. Most 'glazes are white, but 

 they can be deepened to any tint by the addition of the same kinds of 

 colouring ingredients as are usually added to enamels. Nearly all 

 glazes contain lead, except when to be applied to articles which would 

 be injured by that metal. A glaze without lead, for chemical vessels 

 and some other articles, is made of Lynn sand 47 parts, potash 38, 

 slaked lime 9, and nitre 4 ; these are pulverised, brought to the state 

 of a paste or frit by heat, and again pulverised. One among many 

 kinds of glaze for common earthenware consists of white lead 59 parts, 

 ground flints 36, Cornish stone 16, and ground flint glass 5. A glaze 

 for porcelain consists of felspar 27 parts, borax 18, fine sand 4, nitre 3, 

 soda 3, and Cornish clay 3 ; the whole being mixed, ground, heated to 

 a frit, agaiu pulverised, and finally treated with a small addition of 

 calcined borax. A glaze for painted stone-ware consists of felspar 26, 

 soda 6, nitre 2, and borax 1 ; when these have been fritted together, 

 they are added to a mixture of red lead 50, white lead 40, and ground 

 flint 12. All these various kinds of glaze, when prepared, and about to 

 be used, are ground to powder, and mixed with water to a smooth 

 creamy liquid, into which the ware is dipped. In some few cases, the 

 ware ia dipped into water, and the glaze sprinkled on it in the form of 

 dry powder. The heat of an oven finishes the operation. 



4. There arc other processes of glazing in the arts, which consist 

 in Jittle more than the application of a varnish or glaze of white of 

 egg or some similar substance. 



. /.IXfJ. [EARTHENWARE; PORCELAIN.) 



('. I.KAN IN<;. The practice of gleaning in corn-fields what the 

 reaper* of the harvest leave behind is vulgarly supposed to be a legal 

 custom which the " owner or occupier of the field has no right to pro- 

 hibit, and that the poor who enter a field for this purpose are not 

 guilty of trespass." The act has, however, been decided to be illegal. 

 In the first case in which the question was raised the defendant pleaded 

 that he being a poor, necessitous, and indigent person, entered the 

 plaintiff's close to glean; and in the second the defendant's plea was the 



same, with the addition that he was an inhabitant legally settled within 

 the parish. The Court held that the claim had no foundation in law, 

 and that, " it was a practice incompatible with the exclusive enjoy- 

 ment of property, and was productive of vagrancy and many mis- 

 chievous consequences." (1 H. Bl. Rep.' 51.) 



GLEBE LAND, the portion of land belonging to a parish church 

 over and above the tithes If there be both a rector and a vicar, the 

 glebe land in the occupation of either does not pay tithes, though if in 

 the occupation of a tenant it does. The representatives of a deceased 

 incumbent are entitled to the corn sown by him upon the glebe. Various 

 statutes have from time to tune been passed to facilitate the exchange 

 of glebe lands, which are often scattered in small parcels in different 

 parts of the parish. It is doubtful whether a parson may open mines 

 upon his glebe, though he may work any that are open. 



GLEE, in music, a vocal composition in three or more parts, any 

 instrumental addition to which is absolutely illegitimate, because 

 pernicious in effect ; except in the case of unsteady performers, when 

 the use of a piano-forte, gently touched, is advisable, as an evil of less 

 magnitude than false intonation and broken time. The word is 

 derived from the Anglo-Saxon jl'SX (gliyg), which signifies music 

 generally ; hence the term Serious Glee may possibly not be so gross a 

 solecism as is commonly supposed ; though it must also be admitted 

 that the word usually implied cheerfulness ; and we are told by 

 Warton that yleeman (jlijnian), answers to the Latin joculator. 



The glee is of English growth, though the madrigal seems to have 

 been its parent. The term is confined exclusively to this country, and 

 does not appear to have been employed till towards the latter part of 

 the 17th century; but Dowland, Ford, Kavenscroft, and others, pub- 

 lished nearly a hundred years before compositions having all the cha- 

 racter of that which subsequently took the name of Glee, frequently 

 calling them part-songs, and occasionally applying the term madrigal 

 to them, notwithstanding their deficiency in what chiefly characterises 

 the latter. 



Glees are called serious or cheerful, according to the sentiment of the 

 poetry. The most distinguished authors of this delightful species of 

 music are (mentioning only those who now are personally beyond the 

 influence of praise or censure) Arne, Baildon, Callcott, Cooke, Danby, 

 Hayes, Mornington, Nares, Paxtou, Spofforth, Stafford Smith, Stevens, 

 auil \Vebbe. 



GLIADIN, Glu-tin, a peculiar azotised vegetable matter which exists 

 in small quantity with the gluten of wheat, and to which the adhesive 

 properties of the latter are owing. It may be separated by boiling alcohol, 

 together with a thick fluid oil which is separable by ether. Gliadin 

 is adhesive, insoluble in water, when dried it is hard and translucent 

 like horu ; it dissolves in acetic acid and solution of potash. In com- 

 position it scarcely differs perceptibly from gluten. It contains in 100 

 parts, 



Carbon 53-27 



Hydrogen . . . . . . . 7*17 



Nitrogen 15-94 



Oxygen and sulphur . . . . . 23-62 



100-00 



GLOBE, the common term for a sphere, but most frequently used to 

 signify the earth itself, or the sphere on which a representation of the 

 earth or heavens is drawn. 



GLOBE MAKING. This special department of industry is one iu 

 which few hands are employed, for the demand is limited ; but it 

 requires considerable tact and experience. Most English globes are 

 hollow pasteboard balls. A wooden or iron mould is first formed, with 

 wires projecting at opposite sides to represent the earth's poles. 

 Several layers of long strips of paper are then pasted one over another 

 on the mould, the undermost not being pasted to the wood or iron, but 

 kept down close upon it. These layers may be from four or five to a 

 dozen in number. When dry, this pasteboard envelope is cut iu the 

 line of the (future) equator, and is separated from the mould or ball 

 in two hemispheres. These are fastened by nails to the two ends of a 

 piece of wood exactly equal in length to the diameter of the globe ; 

 and the edges of the hemispheres are glued together, so as to form a 

 pasteboard sphere. Two wires, projecting from the two ends of the 

 piece of wood, penetrate the pasteboard, and form the termini of the 

 axis of the globe. The pasteboard is then coated, six or more times 

 over, with a composition of whiting, glue, and oil, until a considerable 

 substance has been laid on : each layer being dried before the next is 

 applied. At this stage of the manufacture any irregularity in the 

 rotation of the globe on its axis is remedied, by increasing the thickness 

 or the weight in particular parts. The plaster surface, when made 

 quite smooth, is then marked with lines to represent the circles of 

 latitude and longitude ; this is done by women, who use a beam- 

 compas-) for the purpowe. Meanwhile the engraver has been at work, 

 to produce the geographical delineation which is to cover the globe ; 

 the whole surface U divided into lens-shaped pieces, like the gores of a 

 balloon, seeing that it is only by such means that the surface can be 

 easily covered without overlapping or vacuities. Two circular pieces 

 cover the arctic and antarctic regions ; and the gores extend only to a 

 meeting point within these pieces. The printing is effected on thin but 

 very tough paper. In globes of moderate size, each gore usually 

 represents 30 degrees of longitude, and 133 degrees of latitude. The 



