433 



GONIOMETRY. 



GOOSEBERRY. 



434, 



it. If therefore we place one of the planes of a crystal in such a 

 position that the reflection of an object above the plane may appear to 

 coincide with another object beneath, and then turn the crystal until 

 the reflection of the same object above (from the second plane of the 

 crystal) shall again appear to coincide with the same object below, it 

 will readily appear that the arc which the crystal will have described 

 will be the measure of the supplement of the inclination of its two 

 planes, that is, the difference between that inclination and 180". In 

 turning the crystal the direction of the edge common to its two planes 

 should not be altered, and the rays in both instances should be reflected 

 from that portion of the planes nearest to their common edge, other- 

 wise the observation will be affected by parallax. Such is the principle 

 of Dr. Wollaston's reflective goniometer, by means of which the 

 inclinations of planes whose area in less than the 100,000th part of a 

 square inch may be determined within a minute of a degree, and 

 which is equally effective whether the fracture be even or irregular. 

 The instrument itself consists of a graduated circle mounted upon a 

 horizontal axis, to one extremity of which is attached a moveable pin, 

 having a slit for the purpose of receiving a small brass plate. To this 

 plate the cryst-d is attached by means of a piece of wax, so that it may- 

 project beyond the edge of the plate. The phi (which is provided with 

 a vertical and horizontal movement) is then raised or lowered until the 

 reflection of any convenient object above appears to coincide with 

 some other object beneath. The instrument being thus adjusted, the 

 graduated circle is turned until a similar reflection is obtained from the 

 contiguous side of the crystal. The arc which the circle will then have 

 described will (as was before stated) be equal to the supplement of the 

 inclination of the crystalline planes ; but the margin of the circle being 

 graduated in an inverted order, the true inclination is given without 

 further computation, and may be read off by means of the vernier 

 [VKUMEII] with considerable accuracy. 



GONIOMETRY, the measurement of angles ; a name which might 

 be substituted for TKIGONOMETIIY, if it were advisable to alter esta- 

 blished designations. The latter science, beginning with the measure- 

 ment of triangles, made all that was known of the analysis of angular 

 magnitude its own peculiar instrument. The various accessions which 

 real goniometry received were therefore considered as additions to 

 trigonometry : so that at this day, under a word which imports 

 measurement of triangles, we have a science which wanders as far 

 from the etymology of its name as geometry does. 



GOOD FRIDAV", the name given to the day of our Saviour's 

 Crucifixion. From the earliest ages of Christianity this day, empha- 

 tically called Good Friday, has been held as a solemn fast; its 

 appellation of Good being applied to express the blessed effects which 

 sprang from that important event. 



It is in England only that this day has the appellation of Good : its 

 ancient and appropriate title was Holy Friday, the Friday in Holy 

 Week. Offices called Tenebrie, that is, " darkness," are sung on this 

 day, and on its eve and morrow, by those belonging to the Romish 

 faith. The lights are extinguished in reference to the supernatural 

 darkness at our Saviour's Crucifixion, and nearly at the end of the 

 service a solemn silence is observed throughout the church, which is 

 nly succeeded by a tremendous noise, in token of the rending of 

 the veil of the Temple, and of the disorder in which the very frame of 

 nature was involved at that momentous event. Good Friday and 

 Christmas Day are the only two days observed hi England by a total 

 suspension of business. 



Cakes made for the day, called, from the mark impressed upon them, 

 cross-buns, still, even in the metropolis, form the general breakfast on 

 Friday ; but are not further noticed. In some of the distant 

 counties, such as arc not eaten are preserved, to be used as an infal- 

 lible cure for the faithful throughout the year. The practice of 

 making cross-buns is supposed to have originated simply hi the desire 

 of marking on the only food anciently allowed on this solemn fast a 

 symbol of the Crucifixion ; but the custom of having gome sort of 

 consecrated bread is of great antiquity. The Jews and the Greeks had 

 c;vki -A, Jeremiah (xliv. 19) has " did we make her cakes to worship her ; " 

 and the Greeks gave the name of Boun (&ovv) to their sacred bread. 



Hospinian (' De Orig. Festorum,' fol. 61 b.) tells us that the kings of 

 England had a custom of hallowing rings with much ceremony on 

 Good Friday, the wearers of which would not be afflicted with the 

 falling-sickness. 



A sermon used to be preached on the afternoon of this day at 

 Paul's Cross, at which the lord-mayor and aldermen attended hi their 

 ],,' -. 



' - tlte Crott on Good Friday was another of the Popish 

 ceremonies formerly practised in England. The ceremonial of it is 

 given by Bishop Percy in the notes to the ' Northumberland House- 

 hold Book.' 



GOOSEBERRY. The Ribes Grottularia, indigenous to Britain and 

 some other European regions of cool temperature, and also to ^he 

 mountains of North America, at an elevation of from 2000 to 3000 feet 

 above the level of the sea, is the origin of the many hundreds of kinds 

 of this wholesome fruit now in cultivation. Its botanical position is 

 described under RIBES, in NAT. HIST. Div. Its use, as is well known, 

 is more or less within the reach of every one. It is the earliest fruit 

 for culinary preparations ; and it may bo preserved green for winter 

 use, a* also in a ripe state. The plant bears so abundantly that a large 



ABTS ASD SCI. DIV. VOL. IV. 



quantity may be thinned off for tarts, pies, sauces, &c., in the early 

 part of the season, and still, if done judiciously, a sufficiency left for 

 ripening. The gooseberry will ripen in the extreme northern parts of 

 Britain, near the level of the sea ; aud iu lat. 57, even at an elevation 

 of 900 feet, it acquires great perfection with regard to flavour. In hot 

 seasons, in the southern counties, the fruit cannot endure full exposure 

 to the direct rays of the sun, which sometimes make it appear as if 

 scalded ; under such circumstances evaporation takes place from the 

 whole surface faster than the subjacent tissue can repair the loss : the 

 consequence of which is a complete emptying of the superficial cells of 

 the fruit, which produces death. 



The temperature and other circumstances which various species of 

 fruit require in the course of ripening are very important to be known, 

 as they vary in all probability in every different species. In some 

 cases the secretions are formed rapidly; growth is moreover quick 

 from the period of flowering ; aud a rapidly-increasing temperature, 

 attended by atmospheric moisture, is best suited to the perfection of 

 the fruit : such is the ease with the apricot. The fig, on the contrary, 

 demands a long, steady, high temperature, and a dry atmosphere. 



In the case of the g. ioseberry, it appears that the flavour is best 

 where the low temperature of the north brings the fruit more gra- 

 dually to maturity than it does in the south, where the fruit is in 

 danger of being scorched, aud where it ripens far too quickly to 

 acquire the peculiar flavour which it attains in its favourite climate ; 

 and a different method of pruning and training ought to be practised 

 accordingly. Thus in the north the branches should be left thin, so as 

 to expose the fruit, and with the same view the spurs should be short. 

 In the south the trees should not be laid so open, and the lateral young 

 shoots, instead of being cut close in, immediately above the fruit-bud 

 at their base, should have two buds left to produce leaves for shading 

 the fruit in summer. 



Iu the manufacturing districts of Lancashire aud the adjoining 

 counties the cultivation of the gooseberry has been brought to sur- 

 prising perfection, at least as regards thu size of the fruit : aud this 

 chiefly by the manufacturing classes, in consequence of prizes being 

 awarded to successful competitors at the gooseberry-show meetings. 

 Judging from the quality of the varieties grown for competition in this 

 way, it appears that weight is the only qualification required ; it is, 

 however, much to be regretted that flavour is not also taken iuto 

 account. From the neglect of this requisite, many of the fine Lancashire 

 gooseberries are not at all worth cultivation, except on account of their 

 coming to a size sufficiently large for cooking earlier than the smaller. 

 For this purpose those with smooth skins should be avoided-, because 

 the skins become tough in the process of cooking. 



For flavour, the small, or " Old English " kinds, are far the best, and 

 indeed are the only sorts worth growing ; but they do not look well 

 among a dessert. We give below a list of 'such sorts as are proper for 

 a selection, when flavour is the principal object ; and another in which 

 mention is made of the best Lancashire varieties, where flavour and 

 size are in a tolerable degree combined. 



Gooseberries are arranged systematically according as their colours 

 arc red, yellow, yreen, or white ; and subdivided with regard to their 

 surface being hupid, downy, or tnvtot/t. 



Small, or Old Enylish, Gooschrrics. 



Division 1. Fruit /.'< '. 



* Surface hispid. 



1. Rough Red. 



2. Small Red Globe. 



3. Small Dark Rough Red. 



4. Scotch Best Jam. 



5. Red Champagne. 

 0. Keen's Seedling. 



7. Raspberry. 



8. Red Warrington. 



9. Rob Roy. 



* * * Surface smooth. 



10. Red Turkey. 



Division 2. Fruit Yettou: 



* Surface hitpid. 



11. Early Sulphur. 



12. Yellow Champagne. 



13. Hebburn Yellow Aston. 



* * Surface downy. 

 11. Rumbullion. 



* * * Surface smooth. 



15. Amber. 

 10. Yellow Ball. 

 Division 3. Fruit Green. 



* Surface hispid. 



1 7. Early Green Hairy. 



18. Glenton Green. 



19. Hebburn Green Prolific. 



* * * Surface sni"<>i//. 



20. Pitniastou Green Gay;. 



21. Green Walnut. 

 Division 4. fruit \Vhit<: 



* Surface hispid. 

 22 White Crystal. 



23. White Champagne. 



24. Taylor's Bright Venus. 



* * Surface doicny. 



25. Early White. 



* * * Surface smooth. 



26. White Damson. 



27. White Honey. 



28. Crystal. 



Of the above, Nos. 1, 3, 4,5, 7, are excellent for preserving. No. 11 

 is the best sort for bottling green. The earliest are Nos, 9, 11, 17, 21, 

 25, 27 ; and the latest is No. 8. 



/Mryc, or Lancashire, Gooseberries. 



Division 1. Fruit Red. 



* Surface hispid. 

 Leigh's Rifleman. 

 Lomas's Victory. 

 Melling's Crown Bob. 



Boardman's British Crowu. 

 Bratherton's Huntsman. 

 * * Surface downy. 

 Berry's Farmer's Glory. 



* * * Surface imooth. 

 F F 



