. 



GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 



IfaMey's Heart of Oak. 

 Edwards'* Jolly Tar. 

 Large Smooth Green. 



Division 4. Frit it While. 



t'lict hitpid. 



Clworth's White Lion. 

 Surface duvmy. 

 Woodward's Whitesmith. 

 Wellington's Glory. 

 Snunders'n Cheshire Law. 

 Surface motflt. 

 Cook's White Eagle. 



Farrow's Roaring Lion. 

 Rider't Scented Lemon. 

 Division 2. Fruit 



Surfaet moot*. 

 Dixon's Golden Yellow. 



Diriiion 8. Fndt Grtt*. 



Surface kitfid. 

 Princess Roys! 

 Hopley's Lord Crewe. 



* Surface cfoicny. 

 Parkinson's Laurel. 

 Collier 1 . Jolly Angler. 



Surface mootk. 



Tit Pruning of Goo*i>trrict it performed any time during the wintor 

 and before the rap begins to be in motion in the spring. The operation 

 consists in removing all cross laterals, so as to leave the branches as 

 nearly ai possible at regular distances, round an open centre, except 

 where the heat of the climate renders it necessary to retain branches 

 in the centre for shade ; and the points of these branches, where too 

 extended, or weak, should also be shortened to some well situated bud. 

 Very strong shoots, assuming the character of robbers, should be cut 

 clean out, except such as may be occasionally wanted to supply vacancies. 

 It is however better economy, with regard to the health of the tree, to 

 pinch off the tops of these strong shoots in the summer, and Urns 

 prevent their monopolising the sap from the other parts. Suckers, on 

 the same principle, should be prevented from growing at the root. 



The branches in all canes should be pruned to a single terminal shoot. 

 In short, the plant should exhibit a regular appearance without any 

 overcrowding in one part and deficiency in another. 



GORGE, in fortification, is the name given to that part of any work 

 which lies directly between the interior extremities of ita faces or 

 flanks, as between /and g,fy. 1, BASTION. 



The*rirolongations of the magistral lines of two collateral ramparts or 

 walls, till they meet in the interior of any work, as / B, y B, are called 

 the demi -gorges of that work. 



GORGONS, GORGON ES, are certain mythological personages, who, 

 in their vulgar acceptation, were represented as three daughters 

 of Phorcys, a marine god, and his wife Ceto. Their names were 

 Medusa, Euryale, and Stheno. Homer, both in the Iliad and Odyssey, 

 mentions only one Gorgon ; Ilesiod, however, speaks of three. Many 

 wild and discordant stories were told of them, such as their having 

 great wings, sharp crooked claws, teeth like the tusks of the wild 

 boar, and snakes instead of hair, and one eye among the three, and 

 yet some poets have represented one of them, Medusa, as a very 

 fascinating creature. (Ovid, ' Metamorphoses,' b. iii.) Her hair was, 

 however, changed into serpents, for having violated the purity of one 

 of the temples of Athene. The Gorgons were represented by Hesiod 

 as living in the farthest west, beyond the limits of the known world, 

 by Night and the Hesperides ; later writers placed them in the unknown 

 regions of Libya. They were said to have had the power of turning 

 into stone all those who gazed at them. At last Perseus, the son of 

 Jupiter and of Danae, set out, encouraged and assisted by Athene, to 

 encounter the Gorgons, and lie conquered them, cut off the head of 

 Medusa, from whose blood, dropping on the ground, the horse Pegasus 

 was engendered. He then gave the head of Medusa to Athene, who 

 fixed it on her wgis or shield, which ever after had the power of turning 

 the beholders into stone. In representations of Athene the head of 

 Medusa frequently occurs. In Greek sculpture of the best period 

 the features of Medusa are extremely beautiful, but with a certain 

 stern and terrible expression, latent however rather than fully evohvd. 

 At timed, in sculpture, and on coins and gems, the head is almost 

 hideous. A Gorgon's head was the usual ornament on the upper part 

 of the breastplate of a Roman emperor : one is figured on the statue of 

 Hadrian, in the Roman Saloon, British Museum. We give a cut of a 

 Gorgon's head from a terra-cotta frieze in the British Museum, Graco- 

 '' ' : ' 



Oorgon't head, from a Terrt-Cotta in the British Muicnm. 



GOSPEL, derived from two Saxon words of the same meaning an 

 the Greek emnaflim (tbarryt^w), which signifies "good news," is 

 employed both by the authors of the New Testament and by modern 

 theologians to denote the whole Christian system of religion, and also 

 more particularly the good news of the coming of the Messiah. The 

 books containing an account of the life of Christ were also called 

 gospels by the ecclesiastical writers. Many such gospel* were in circu- 



lation in the first three centuries, but four only, namely, Matthew, 

 Mark, Luke, and John, were received by the fathers as of divine 

 authority. Several of the other gospels are quoted by the fathers, but 

 not as possessing authority to bind the faith of Christians ; and Origen, 

 who appeals to them more than any other writer, expressly says that 

 the church received only four gospels. (' Horn, in Luc.,' i. 1. 

 find no quotations from them in the writings of the apostolical fathers, 

 with the exception of a doubtful passage in Iretueus (Lanlm-iV ' Works,' 

 vol. ii. p. yi) : none of them appear to have been written till ti 

 century, and several not till the 3rd. The apocryphal gospel* 

 had the widest circulation were, the Gospels according to the 'I 

 Apostles, the Hebrews or Naxarenes, sod the Egyptians. The ' 

 according to the Hebrews, which is supposed by Bume critics to be the 

 same as that according to the Twelve AposUes, was written, in all 

 probability, in the beginning of the 2nd century, in the 

 language. It appears to have been taken principally from St. Matthew's 

 Gospel, with additions from the other evangelist*, and oral tradition. 

 It has been maintained by some critics that this gospel wan written by 

 St Matthew, and that the Greek gospel bearing his name in the New 

 Testament was only a translation of it. 



The Apocryphal Gospels which are extant are, ' The Gospel of the 

 Infancy of Christ,' alleged to have been written by Thomas, and by 

 Matthew : it was received as genuine, and is found in the works of 

 St. Jerome, who lived in the 4th century ; the ' Gospel of the Birth of 

 Mary ; ' the ' Protevangelion of James,' and the ' Gospel of Nicodemus.' 

 These were published by Fabricius, in his ' Codex Apooi 

 Testament;,' 2 vols. 8vo., Hamb. 1719-1743, and by Jones, with an 

 English translation, in his ' Method of Settling the Canonical Authority 

 of the New Testament,' 3 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1736-7. The ' Gospel of 

 the Birth of Mary,' the ' Protevangelion,' and the Infancy of ( 

 were held in reverence by, and contained some of the principles of, the 

 sect of Gnostics. These gospels appear to have been written with the 

 object of supplying the supposed deficiencies of the canonical gospels. 

 They abound in absurd and improbable tales, principally relating to 

 the early life of Christ, and contain hardly any particulars concerning 

 hia public life and ministry. The writings of the fathers give the 

 names of many other gospels, of which the following is an alphabetical 

 list: Andrew, Apelles, Barnabas, Bartholomew, BasUideo, Oriuthiu, 

 Ebionites, Encratices, Eve, Jude, Judas Iscariot, Matthias, Marcion, 

 Meriuthus, Peter, Philip, Scythianus, Tatiau, Thaddwus, Thomas, 

 Yalentian. (Jones 'On the Canon,' voL i., p. 145-150.) 



From the many verbal agreements and striking differences in tlio 

 gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, it has been maintained by many 

 critics that they were derived from an original gospel common to them 

 oil, which is supposed to have been drawn up by the disciples who 

 attended the person of Christ; and that this document, which wag 

 afterwards lost, is quoted by Clement and Origen under the title of 

 ' The Gospel According to the Twelve Apostles.' This hypothesis was 

 first introduced into this country by Dr. Marsh, in his dissertation 

 ' On the Origin of the first three Gospels,' and has been maintained in 

 Germany by Michaelis, Semler, Leasing, Eichhorn, Grain, Kuinoel, 

 Bertholdt, and other celebrated critics. An interesting account < 

 controversy is given in the preface to the English translation of 

 Schleiermacher's ' Critical Essay on the Gospel of St. Luke,' Lond. 

 1825, 8vo. 



GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. The term Gothic has long been 

 almost universally assigned to that form of architecture which pre- 

 vailed through a large part of Europe during the middle ages. First 

 applied as a term of reproach, as synonymous in fact with barbarous, 

 and having in itself no special appropriateness, since it was certainly 

 not by the Gothic races, properly so called, that the style was intro- 

 duced or practised, it is not surprising that writers on Gothic archi- 

 tecture have usually deemed it necessary to enter a more or less 

 formal protest against its use. So generally is the term employed, 

 however, so much has it indeed become incorporated into our language 

 and literature, that it would bo hopeless to attempt to replace it by a 

 more fitting one, if even a more fitting one presented itself, 

 hitherto, at least, no satisfactory substitute has [been suggested. The 

 term Christian Architecture at present much in vogue, is palpably a 

 misnomer. What we must continue to call Gothic architecture, was 

 never intended by its originators as in any way antagonistic to what it 

 is now the practice to term Pagan Architecture ; nor is there anything 

 essentially Christian in the Gothic style, though it has been chiefly 

 employed on ecclesiastical structures. As Mr. Petit pertinently re- 

 marks, had St. Paul succeeded ill converting the Athenians, no one 

 can suppose that they would have constructed their churches in 

 this style. In the modern Greek church it has never been em- 

 ployed. Among Protestant* it was almost equally unused I 

 the Gothic revival which dates little more than a quarter of a century 

 Kick : the fall of the true Mediaeval Gothic has indeed been by its 

 more ardent admirers attributed to the growth of the Protestant 



von Roman 

 for in Rome 



nely never 



>btained a footing. The term Christian Architecture is indeed u 

 inaccurate as it is affected and sectarian. Nor can ;tho term Pointed 

 Architecture be admitted as a desirable substitute for Gothic, though 

 'arched bring understood) it is sufficiently significant of its ultimate 



