449 



GOTHIC LANGUAGE. 



GOUT. 



450 



Windows especially admit of innumerable combinations in regard to 

 their divisions and the ornamental tracery within their arched heads. 

 The same remark applies to the panelling of doora. Grecian : All 

 mouldings and other decorative members project from the face of the 

 wall. Gothic: All but what are termed weather-mouldings retire 

 within the face of the wall. Grecian : No splayed surfaces. Gothic : 

 Sloping or splayed surfaces, both horizontal and vertical, very preva- 

 lent ; in fact, windows and doors are universally placed within splays, 

 more or less deep, and enriched with various mouldings. Grecian : 

 No concave mouldings or deep hollows. Gothic : Deep hollows of this 

 kind enter into almost every combination of mouldings, whether 

 horizontal or perpendicular. 



The most useful general view of English Gothic for the ordinary 

 reader is Mr. Bloxam's excellent little volume, ' The Principles of 

 Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture,' 10th ed., 1859. For French and 

 German Gothic, a similar survey will be afforded by De Caumont's 

 ' Architecture Religieuse,' 3rd ed., 1854 ; and H. Otto's ' Handbuch der 

 Kirchlichen Kunst-Archseologie des DeutschenMittelalters,'3rded. 1854. 

 Mr. Fergusson's valuable ' Illustrated Handbook of Architecture' affords 

 a broad summary of the characteristics of all the schools of Gothic 

 architecture. Those who wish to carry their investigations deeper will 

 find great assistance in the following works, which, however, are but a 

 very few of the many elaborate works on mediaeval architecture pub- 

 lished within the last few years : Gailhabaud, ' Monuments Anciens 

 ilerns,' and ' L'Architecture du Ve au XVI" Siecle,' 4to, 1851 ; 

 Chapuy, ' Moyen Age Monumental ; ' L. Drouyn, ' Architecture au 

 Moyen Age ; ' Viollet le Due, ' Dictionnaire raisonne de 1'Architecture 

 Francaise du XI e au XVI Siecle ; ' Bourassd, ' Les Cathedrals de 

 France ;' A. Lenoir, ' Architecture Monastique ;' F. Stroobant, ' Monu- 

 ment* d' Architecture, &c., en Belgique,' 4to, 1852 ; J. L. Petit, ' Archi- 

 tectural Studies in France," 1854; Whewell, 'Architectural Notes on 

 German Churches,' 3rd ed. ; G. Moller, ' Denkmaler der Deutechen 

 liaukunst ' (fol.), the text published in England under the title of 

 ' Memorials of German Gothic Architecture, translated by W. H. Leeds ; ' 

 G. G. Von Kallenbach, ' Atlas zur Geschichte der Deutsch-Mittelalter- 

 lichen Baukunst,' fol., 1847 ; Boissere'e, ' Denkmale der Baukunst vom 

 7ten bis zum 13ten Jahrhundert am Nieder Ilhin,' fol., 1833 ; Springer, 

 ' Die Baukunst des Christlichen Mittelalters,' 8vo, 1854; Gaily Knight, 

 ' The Ecclesiastical Architecture of Italy ; ' Cresy and Taylor, ' Archi- 

 tecture of the Middle Ages in Italy;' Street, ' Brick and Marble Archi- 

 tecture of Italy in the Middle Ages ; ' Ruskin, ' Seven Lamps of 

 Architecture,' and ' Stones of Venice ; ' Willis, ' Remarks on the 

 Architecture of the Middle Ages ; ' A. F. Von Minutoli, ' Der Dom zu 

 Drontheim, und die Mittelalterliche Christliche Baukunst der Scandi- 

 navischen Normannen,' fol., 1853; Brandon's 'Analysis of Gothic 

 Architecture ; ' Garbett's ' Rudimentary Treatise on Design ; ' and the 

 works of Rickman, Britton, Pugin, Paley, Sharpe, Freeman, &c., with 

 the illustrations of the cathedrals, &c., by Carter, Winkles, Le 

 Keux, ftc. 



GOTHIC LANGUAGE. It is now generally admitted that the 

 Gothic language or languages is or are a branch of the Teutonic family. 

 (J. Grimm, ' Deutsche Grammatik,' and H. Meidinger, ' Vergleichendes 

 Etymologisches Worterbuch der Gothiech-Teutonisch Mundarten,' 8vo., 

 Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1833.) The Altgotisch, or old Gothic, was the 

 language of the Goths who lived near the banks of the Lower Danube 

 in the 4th century, and for whom Ulfilas made a translation of the 

 Gospels, of which the greater part exists in the silver book preserved 

 in the library of Upsala. [ABOENTECS CODEX.] Ulfilas was bishop 

 of those Goths who lived in Mccsia in the time of the Emperor Valens, 

 and the language of his version has been styled Mocso-Gothic. He is 

 believed to have invented the characters employed in the version, and 

 which are formed, with slight variations, from the Greek and Latin 

 capitals. [ALPHABET.] This and a few other fragments, chiefly scrip- 

 tural, of about the same age, are all the remains of a language once 

 spoken by the West-Goths, or Visigoths of Spain, and the Eastern 

 Goths of Hungary and Italy. It had five vowels, and four dipthongs, 

 ai. au, ei, and iu ; and the conjugations were even more complete than 

 the present Swedish. Another branch of the Gothic or Gotho- 

 Teutonic language existed in Scandinavia, which German philologists 

 have called Altnordisch, or old Norse, and in which the ' Edda ' is 

 written, and which is still spoken with some variations iu Iceland, the 

 Faroe Islands and parts of Norway. (Meidinger). Out of this language 

 the modern Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian sprung. Inscriptions in 

 the old Norse, or Scandinavian Gothic, have been found in several 

 parts of Sweden, Denmark, and in the island of Gothland, in various 

 characters different from those of Ulfilas's Mcoso-Gotbic versions, 

 mtura Vulcanius, the editor of Jornandes' ' De rebus Geticis,' 

 published also an anonymous treatise on the Gothic language ; ' Coin- 

 i iilum Viri cujusdam docti anonymi in Literas Gothicas,' with 

 n:ns of the Ma-so-Gothic, old high German, Anglo-Saxon, and other 

 old Teutonic dialects, followed by four iliii, i. m N -uidinavian Gothic 

 iiuto collected from various inscriptions, and one of which is 

 Hirnilarto the one given by Magnus in his' Historia Gothoruni 

 niimqne,' l>. i. oh. 7. The old Scandinavian, or Norse, or Suio-Gflthic, 

 is considered by Adelung as being a mixture of Gothic with the 

 language of the Sveones, the original inhabitants of the Scandinavian 

 -ila, previous to the Gothic immigration, and the modern 

 h, which is derived from the old Scandinavian, appears to have 

 ABT3 AKD SCI. DIV. VOL. IV. 



elements in it foreign to the Teutonic, though the Teutonic, or Gothic, 

 greatly prevails in both. 



(Petersen, Det Damke, Norshe, oy Svenske Sproys Historic, Copeuha- 

 gen, 2 vols. 8vo., 1830.) 



GOTHS, GOTHI, GOTHONES, a powerful northern nation who 

 acted an important part in the overthrow of the Roman empire. 

 Tacitus (' German.') mentions the Gothones as a German tribe, dwelling 

 between the Lygians and the Rugians and Lemovians, the last two 

 possessing the shores of the Baltic, while he considers the Gothini, who 

 lived in Southern Germany, as a tribe of_ Celts, or Gauls. Ptolemy 

 calls them Gothunes, considers them to be a Sarmatian tribe, and 

 places them south of the Wends", and eastward of the Vistula. 



About the middle of the 3rd century the Goths are recorded to 

 have crossed the Dniester and to have devastated Dacia and Thrace. 

 The emperor Decius lost his life in opposing them in Moaia, A.D. 251, 

 after which his successor, Gallus, induced them by money to withdraw 

 again to their old dwellings on the Dniester. They then seem to have 

 spread eastwards, and to have occupied the country about the Cim- 

 merian Bosphorus, from whence they sailed across the Euxine, occu- 

 pied Trebisond, and ravaged Bithynia. In the year 269 they landed in 

 Macedonia, but were defeated by the emperor Claudius II. Three 

 years after, Aurelian gave up Dacia to a tribe of Goths, who are 

 believed to be the Visigoths, or Western Goths, while those who 

 ravaged Asia Minor were the Eastern Goths, or Ostrogoths. This dis- 

 tinction of the race into two grand divisions appears about this time. 

 Under Constantino I. the Goths from Dacia invaded lllyricum, but 

 were repelled ; afterwards Constantine II. allowed a part of them to 

 settle iu Mccsia, who seem to have soon after embraced Christianity, as 

 it was for them that Ulfilas translated the Scriptures, about the middle 

 of the 4th century, into the dialect called Mocso-Gothic. [Goinic 

 LANGUAGE.] About the year 375, the Huns, coming from the east, 

 fell upon the Ostrogoths, and drove them upon the Visigoths, who 

 were living north of the Danube. The latter, being hard pressed, 

 implored permission of the Roman commander to be allowed to cross 

 that river, and take shelter on the territory of the empire. The Em- 

 peror Valens consented, and a vast multitude of them were allowed to 

 settle in Mossia ; but soon afterwards they quarrelled with the Roman 

 authorities, invaded Thrace, and defeated and killed Valens, who came 

 to oppose them. From that time they exercised great influence over 

 the Byzantine court, either as allies and mercenaries, or as formidable 

 enemies. Towards the end of the 4th century, Alaric, being chosen 

 king of the Visigoths, invaded North Italy, but was defeated by Sti- 

 licho near Verona. He came again, however, a few years after, and took 

 and plundered Rome. His successor, Ataulphus, made peace with the 

 Empire, and repaired to the south of Gaul, where the Visigoths founded 

 a kingdom, from which they afterwards passed into Spain, where a 

 Visigothic dynasty reigned for more than two centuries, till it was 

 conquered by the Moors. Meantime the Ostrogoths, or Eastern Goths, 

 who had settled in Pannonia after the destruction of the kingdom of 

 the Huns, extended their dominion over Noricuiu, Rhietia, and the 

 lllyricum ; about the year 489, they invaded Italy under their king 

 Theodoric, and defeated Odoacer, chief of the Heruli, who had assumed 

 the title of king of Italy, a title which Theodoric then took for him- 

 self with the consent of the Eastern emperor Theodoric was a great 

 prince : his reign was a period of rest for Italy, and his wise adminis- 

 tration did much towards healing the wounds of that country. But 

 his successors degenerated, and the Gothic dominion over Italy lasted 

 only till 554, when it was overthrown by Narses, the general of Justinian. 

 From that time the Goths figure no longer as a power in the history of 

 Western Europe, except in Spain. We find however their name per- 

 petuated long after in Scandinavia, where they probably arrived from 

 some country east of the Vistula, or even as the Icelandic traditions 

 assert, from the neighbourhood of the Caspian sea, at some time 

 preceding that of their moving southward. A kingdom of Gothia 

 existed till the 12th century distinct from Sweden Proper, until both 

 crowns were united on the head of Charles Swerkerson, in the year 

 1161, who assumed the title of king of the Swedes and the Goths, 

 which his successors bear to this day. 



GOUT (i/ulta, a drop). This name was given to the disease which 

 we are about to describe, from a fanciful notion that it arose from some 

 morbid matter, deposited by drops in the joints. In technical language 

 gout is called Arthritii or Podagra. It may be defined to be an inflam- 

 matory affection of the joints, arising from a morbid action in the 

 system. It is mostly an hereditary disease, coming on without any 

 evident external cause, generally preceded by disorder of the digestive 

 organs, and accompanied by a plethoric state of the system. The 

 inflammation attacks the smaller joints, particularly the first joint of the 

 great toe, and returns at intervals, various joints or parts becoming 

 affected after repeated attacks. 



A paroxysm of gout is generally preceded by some constitutional 

 disturbance, though it may attack a person suddenly who is apparently 

 in good health. It is commonly ushered in by a disordered state of 

 the whole system ; both the circulating, nervous, digestive, and 

 secreting organs are out of order. The pulse is frequent and full; 

 there is a feeling of repletion and oppression ; drowsiness or restless- 

 ness ; general lassitude and depression of spirits ; flatulence ; irregular 

 appetite ; costiveness ; and high coloured urine, which deposits a pink 

 sediment on cooling. The local affection generally commences suddenly 



