4*3 



GRAIN. 



GRANT. 



464 



union appear' too tender to endure exposure to the vicissitude* of the 

 weather. 



Ctrft-i.raftimg U performed by (putting the stock diametrically 

 across the top, which should be cut horiionUlly, and then nicely 

 inserting in one aide a icion cut like a wedge. Thin mode U objection- 

 able, becauae the deposition of young wood take* place for the nutit 

 part in a projection exterior to the circumference of a circle having 

 tor it* centre the axia of the atock; the top of the latter is con- 

 sequently left l.mg uncovered and becomes unaound from the wood 

 being split to admit the graft. 



Saddltijraftimj is the reverse of the preceding, inasmuch UK the 

 stock, instead of the scion, is formed like a wedge ; and tlu> end uf the 

 scion made to fit over it, like a saddle. It is preferable to cleft- 

 grafting, particularly where the stocks are small, or nearly of the same 

 size as the scion ; but when the stocks are large, it is by no means to 

 be recommended. 



Crant-yrafting in performed on large limbs with thick bark, or on 

 large stems ; in either case these are cut off at right angles ; the bark 

 is raised by thrusting in a tapering flattened piece of smooth hard 

 wood, or ivory, between the wood and lark ; this being withdrawn, the 

 end of the scion, properly thinned as if for whip-grafting, but without 

 the tongue, is inserted. Three or four scions may with propriety !>< 

 thus inserted in the same branch or stem. This method is objectionable 

 for the following reasons : the section of the scion is plane ; the part of 

 the stock to which it is appled U circular; consequently, these surfaces 

 can only come into partial contact. Again the abrasion must be con- 

 siderably larger than the space covered by the scion, particularly if the 

 bark of the stock be rigid. If we compare this state with the prin- 

 ciple laid down in the preceding part of this article, the result will be, 

 what ample experience has proved to be the case, that even on large 

 trees whip-grafting is preferable. In fact, the cavity on each side of 

 the scion in crown-grafting must be filled with something ; either air, 

 which is injurious, or if the tree be vigorous, a deluge of sap will 

 flow to it ; and it often happens that this, technically speaking, drowns 

 the graft 



Cuttings intended for scions should be taken from the trees before 

 the movement of the sap commences in spring, and put in moderately 

 moist earth or sand, and out of the sun's rays. If the stocks be cut 

 down at the same time it will be so much the better ; any large limbs 

 of trees which it may be found necessary to graft should by all means 

 be cut in before vegetation becomes active, otherwise extravasation 

 take* place and canker is in consequence induced. 



Grafting Clay may be made from any smooth clay, or adhesive 

 clayey yellow loam, or brick-earth, mixed with one-third, or, according 

 to some, one-half of cow-dung, free from litter, excepting that of hay, 

 and if it contain none of the latter, some ne hay must be beaten up 

 with the mixture ; the hay answers the same purpose as hair in plaster. 

 A mixture of clay and horse-dung is preferred by some. The fact is, 

 that any composition will answer that will exclude the air, retain some 

 degree of moisture, and at the same time prove not injurious to the 

 barks of the stock and scion which it surrounds. 



Grafting Wajc, a compound of pitch, rosin, bees' -wax, hogs'-lard, and 

 turpentine, has had a great reputation as a means of fixing the scion 

 to the stock, but it is liable to two serious objections. In the first 

 place it does not adhere and exclude air unless both stock and scion 

 ore perfectly dry when it is used ; secondly, the winds in March, the 

 general period of grafting, are excessively drying, and were it not for 

 the moisture absorbed from the clay the scion would frequently be 

 fhri veiled, and dried up before it had time to vegetate ; but resinous 

 substances do not permit of any imilar absorption of beneficial 

 moisture. 



I Hanking is a species of grafting, the success of which depends on 

 the principles above explained. It is sometimes called grafting by 

 approach, because in performing the operation the branches or stems 

 of two contiguously growing plants are made to approach and unite ; 

 and this union U effected on the same principles as that of whip- 

 grafting. Corresponding slices are taken off, a small slit being made 

 upwards in the part that is to form the head, and another correspond- 

 ingly downwards in the stock ; being joined, the wounded ports are tied 

 together, and covered with moss or grafting-clay. When properly 

 united, that which is to form the top is by degrees severed from its 

 parent root, and thus transferred it ultimately becomes the sole 

 ascending stem of the one to which it was made to unite. 



It is generally believed that although the stock and scion are or- 

 ganically united by the operation of grafting, yet no other effect 

 follows the operation than what may arise from the slowness or quick- 

 new with which the stock allows the sap to rise upwards into the 

 scion ; and it is generally believed that the scion exercises no influence 

 whatever upon the stock. It is however perfectly certain that a bud 

 of a variegated jasmine, made to grow upon one branch of a large 

 tree of a plain jasmine, will gradually give the variegated appearance 

 to the plain stock. This was long since asserted, then denied, but has 

 been since proved to be tnie by new experiments. 



GRAIN (yranum, a seed), an old measure of weight, the smallest of 

 those in use. It is of about the weight of a seed of wheat corn, and 

 must therefore be considered rather as a theoretical aliquot part of a 

 larger weight, than as itself a proper standard of weight. We shall 

 therefore refer to WKIUHTS AND MKASI luui, AvoiBDVFOls, Tuov, &c., 



for further information, stating in the present article all that refers 

 to this particular measure. The word has not only designated a weight, 

 but a coin : Ducange mentions an ancient Neapolitan piece of money 

 called a grain, and the grano is still used in reckoning in Maples, Sicily, 

 and Malta, though there are not now any coins so called. 



By a statute passed in the reign of Edward III. (1266), it was 

 enacted that 32 grains of wheat taken out of the middle of the ear, and 

 well ilried, should weigh a pennyweight, of which 20 should make an 

 ounce, of which 12 should make a pound. Consequently the pound 

 (troy), of this period consisted of 7680 grains, whereas that afterwards 

 in use had only 5760. The reason was, that it became usual to divide 

 the same pennyweight into 24 instead of 82 grains. This must Lave 

 occasioned an alteration cither in the value of the pound or of the 

 grain. The former has been sometimes stated, but we believe the 

 latter. The value of the average grain of wheat is stated by Paucton 

 at '86 of the grain of the puidi de mare, that is, at about seven-tenths 

 of our modern English groin. But if 32 grains of real weight were 

 made to weigh 24 grains so called, the grain of wheat would li- 

 the weight called a grain; which comes near the preceding. It is 

 certainly possible that the grain of French wheat may differ from that 

 of the English ; and it is also known that the weight of grain varies 

 considerably in different harvests and under different modes of culture. 

 This latter circumstance rather affords a presumption that it was the 

 wheat which varied : it is not at all unlikely that improved agriculture 

 gave wheat of which 24 grains were equivalent to 32 of the more 

 ancient harvests. According to Dr. Bernard's measurement, the groin 

 of barley is J, or '67 of the troy grain. 



However this may be, the grain must have lost much of its import- 

 ance by the introduction of the avoirdupois pound, of which it is not a 

 constituent aliquot part. The ancient avoirdupois pound is variously 

 stated at from 7009 grains to less than 7000, at which latter number it 

 is now fixed by law. 



The grain has varied considerably in different countries : Dr. Ber- 

 nard mentions the Rabbinical grain, which was two-thirds of the 

 English grain ; the money grain of Venice and Paris (that of the poids 

 de marc above noticed), which he places at '8334 of the English grain ; 

 and the physicians' grain of the Greeks, Arabs, and Venetians, which 

 was '9166 of the English grain. 



The weight of one groin is obtained, for practical purposes, without 

 difficulty, by weighing a thin plate of metal of uniform thickness, and 

 cutting out by measurement such a proportion of the whole plate as 

 should give one grain. But a much better plan is to draw a given 

 weight of ductile metal into very thin wire, and to cut from th> 

 that length which is the same proportion of the whole length as a 

 grain is of the whole weight. In this way pieces of wire are obtained 

 for chemical purposes which weigh only the thousandth part of a grain ; 

 and even leas weights might be obtained, if it were necessary. 



GRAMMAR. [LANGUAGE.] 



GRAND JUBY. [Jror.] 



CKAND SERJEANTY, one of the ancient English tenures. The 

 tenant, instead of rendering to the king pure military service, was 

 bound to perform in person some special honorary service to the 

 sovereign himself, as to carry his banner, or to be his butler, champion, 

 or other officer at his coronation. It was in most other roqxicts like 

 knight service. Tenure by grand serjeanty still exists so far as relates 

 to merely honorary services, but the burdensome incidents were taken 

 away by the stat. 12 Car. II. c. 24. 



GRANDEE. Grande de Ktpana is the name of the highest rank in 

 the Spanish nobility. The grandees were originally the descendants 

 of the great feudatories of the crown, but since the time of Don 

 Carlos I. (Charles V. of Germany), who unceremoniously excluded 

 tin-in from the national assembly of the Cortes, it became the practice 

 of the Spanish kings to raise new men to the rank of grandees, with 

 the double object of rewarding their friends and at the same time 

 breaking down the pride and influence of an onlrr which was to them 

 an object of jealousy. This occasioned a distinction between the old 

 and new grandees, which was marked by the old ones addressing each 

 other always in the second person singular, " thou," and by being 

 addressed " excellenza," without distinction of age or official station ; 

 whilst they addressed on all occasions those of a recent creation by the 

 title of " your excellency," which belongs to all Spanish grandees, with 

 studied punctiliousness. The old grandees had the privilege of being 

 covered in presence of the monarch ; and now, the elevation to the 

 rank of grandee is announced by the monarch desiring him to be 

 covered. Few of the old families are now extant in a direct line. 



All the grandees of Spain, and also the Titulos de Castillo, or mar- 

 quises with a Castilion title, had a right to sit in the old Cortes when- 

 ever the king pleased to convoke them, and they did so sit in the 

 Cortes assembled, in 1789, ai the representatives of the estameuto, or 

 order of the nobility. The collective body of the grandees is called 

 La Grandeza, but they have no political privileges under the pregcnt 

 constitution, as there is no hereditary house of legislature at present 

 in Spain. The titulos, or lower nobility, are excessively numerous, 

 and are addressed as su sefiorio, abbreviated in common speech to 

 U -i i. 



GRANT (Conceasio), in law, is technically and strictly a conveyance 

 in writing of incorporeal hereditaments, or of such interests in i>r 

 arising out of land whereof no livery or actual tradition can be made. 



