637 



GREEK MUSIC. 



GRO.UND TACKLE. 



533 



at than prescribed by the Greek Church. The same Church admits no 

 works of supererogation, neither does it acknowledge any vicar of 

 Christ like the Pope of Rome. Having retained the Decalogue unmu- 

 tilated, it forbids, conformably to the second commandment, all kinds 

 of carved unages; but it permits and encourages paintings representing 

 the Deity, the Holy Virgin, and saints. 



The followers of the Eastern Church are no less zealous than the 

 Roman Catholics in invoking saints, particularly the Holy Virgin, and 

 in their veneration of relics. Their fasts are much more numerous and 

 strict than those of the Roman Catholics. Besides Wednesday and 

 Friday in every week, they have four great fasts in the year : Lent, 

 or the fast of 40 days before Easter ; another fast which lasts from 

 Trinity day to the feast of St. Peter and Paul, 29th of June ; a third, 

 " to the mother of God," which continues from the 1st to the 15th of 

 August ; and a fourth beginning at St. Philip's day, on the 15th of 

 November, and ending at Christmas. 



During all this time they abstain not only from meat, but also from 

 milk, butter, and eggs. The ritual of the Greek Church consists 

 almost entirely of outward ceremonies, and preaching or religious 

 instruction is scarcely ever used. In addition to the mass, which 

 forms the most important part, the liturgy consists in reading several 

 passages of the Scriptures and a repetition of creeds and prayers, which 

 the officiating priest begins and which are responded by the congre- 

 gation. Every congregation has a choir which sings psalms and hymns, 

 but the congregation takes no part in them. Instrumental music is 

 entirely excluded from divine service. 



The Greek convents follow the strict rule of St. Basilius. The 

 abbot of a Greek convent is called Hegumenos, and the abbess Hegu- 

 mena ; the abbots who superintend several convents have the title of 

 Archimandrite, and rank next to bishops. All the high ecclesiastical 

 dignities, as bishops, archbishops, and metropolitans, are chosen from 

 the regular clergy ; while the secular can rise only to the rank of 

 Protopapas, which is only one degree higher than that of an ordinary 

 priest. 



The Greek Church under the Turkish dominion preserves almost 

 entirely its ancient organisation. It is now governed by the patriarchs 

 of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, of whom the 

 first, as the (Ecumenic patriarch, presides over the general synods of 

 Constantinople, which are composed of the above-mentioned patriarchs, 

 several metropolitans and bishops, as well as twelve eminent Greek 

 laymen. He exercises a supreme ecclesiastical authority over all the 

 Greeks of the Ottoman empire, and is also acknowledged as the 

 primate of their Church by the inhabitants of the Ionian Islands, and 

 such of those under the dominion of Austria, who profess the Greek 

 religion ; but, except by confirming the appointment of bishops when 

 elected by the clergy, and presiding at councils, he exercises no supre- 

 macy over the other patriarchs. Independent states professing the 

 religion of the Greek church have almost uniformly their own eccle- 

 siastical superior, as was the case with Georgia, Abkhasia, and Servia. In 

 Russia, since the time of Peter the Great, the sovereign is the real head 

 of the Church, and the patriarchal powers are exercised by a synod. 

 In Greece a similar constitution has been adopted (it was only recog- 

 nised after much negotiation by the patriarch of Constantinople in 

 1850) ; and now the archbishop of Athens is at the head of the national 

 synod. 



For an account of the festivals, ceremonies, liturgies, &c., see 

 'History of the Eastern Church,' by the Rev. John Mason Neale, M.A. 

 GREEK MUSIC. [Music, HISTOBY OP.] 

 GREEN. [LIGHT.] 

 GREENHOUSE. A building in which small plants of a delicate 

 of exotic character are raised, without being exposed to the variations 

 or inclemencies of the atmosphere. The temperature must be regu- 

 lated by the nature of the plants, and it may be obtained by the use of 

 stoves, of (hot air, or of hot- water pipes, or in the case of conservatories 

 by surrounding the earth of the pit by manure, whose gradual com- 

 bustion, in the process of decomposition, may give out the necessary 

 quantity of warmth. 1 



It is usual, in the construction of greenhouses, to make three of the 

 vertical sides of glass, and to hang the frames go as to allow air to be 

 admitted at will. The top is also made of glass, and partially move-able 

 Care must be taken to conduct the waters of condensation in such a 

 manner as not to allow them to drip upon the plants ; and all passage 

 of moisture, through the capillary action of the ground, must be 

 intercepted. As a rule, the opaque side, or wall, of a greenhouse 

 should be towards the north. 

 GREEN VITRIOL. [IROH, Protoiufykate of.] 

 GREENWICH OBSERVATORY. [OBSERVATORIES.] 

 GREGORIAN KALENDAR. [KALKNDAR.] 



. GRENADE, properly called hand-grenade, is a shell or hollow baL 

 of iron, 2J inches in diameter, and about 3 Ibs. in weight, which, beinf 

 charged with powder and provided with a fuse, is thrown by the hanc 

 from the parapets into the ditch and covered-way when occupied by 

 the besiegers ; or from the covered-way into the trenches, when the 

 latter approach within 25 yards of the crest of the glacis. Hand 

 grenade* are especially useful in the defence of unnanked ditches, Ac. 

 As soon as the composition in the fuse is consumed, the fire com 

 municates with the powder, and the ball is burst in fragments. 

 Grenades were first used in 1594. 



Grenades have been made of glass, either with a fuse, or with four 

 ir five nipples distributed over the surface of the grenade. Percussion 

 :aps are placed on these nipples, which are exploded by the blow of 

 ,he shell falling on the ground, and cause the ignition of the charge. 



GRENADIERS are the tallest and strongest men of a battalion ; 

 ;hey are embodied in one company, which is disposed at the head of 

 .he battalion when in column, and on the right flank when in line. 



In France, as early as the year 1667, four men, appointed during a 

 siege to throw grenades into the covered way of a fortress, and to take 

 the lead in an assault, were distributed in each company of that which 

 was called the king's regiment (infantry) ; and three years afterwards 

 these men were formed into a separate company : subsequently every 

 regiment in the French service had a company or two companies of 

 jrenadiers, and the regiment of guards had three : they were considered 

 is the (lite of the soldiery, being men of tried steadiness and valour, 

 in 1676, the king of France instituted a company of cavalry designated 

 lorse-grenadiers, whose duty it was to repair roads previously to a march 

 of the household troops. 



It is probable that men under the denomination of grenadiers 

 formed part of an English army soon after the introduction of that 

 class of soldiers into the French service ; for, from a list of the com- 

 missioned officers of the army in 1684, it appears that most of the 

 regiments had grenadier companies. A corps of grenadiers was also 

 attached to each of the three troops of horse-guards ; in 1693 these 

 were formed into a troop, and in 1702 another troop was added. 



The English foot-grenadiers were at first probably employed in duties 

 similar to those of the corresponding troops in the French service : for, 

 in a work on the English military discipline (1686), they are said to 

 be provided with muskets, swords, pouches to carry grenades, and 

 hatchets : with these last, after firing and throwing their grenades, 

 they were to cut down obstacles in order to enable the troops to rush 

 on the enemy. 



The men in the first of the three regiments of foot-guards are now 

 designated " Grenadier Guards," and the Scots Greys constitute a 

 regiment of horse-grenadiers ; in both of those regiments a high bear- 

 skin cap is worn : but the men forming the grenadier companies of 

 regiments of the line wear the same kind of caps, and, except slight 

 peculiarities in the ornaments of the coat and hat, they are clothed and 

 armed like other infantry soldiers. 



GROOM, in old English, meant a servant in some mean station, a 

 lad or lacquey who was sent on errands : and is said, by Kilian, to be 

 derived from the Flemish yrom, a boy. It answered to the French 

 garfon, or perhaps gamin. At present, in common life, groom means 

 a servant especially attendant on the stable. Jamieson says the original 

 word was gom, and that the letter r has been inserted only in English 

 and Scotch. The German brautigam w the English bridegroom. 



In higher life, groom is the denomination of several officers or servants 

 of the royal household, mostly in the lord chamberlain's department : 

 such as grooms in waiting, grooms of the great chamber, grooms of the 

 privy chamber, groom of the robes or stole, and, in the lord steward's 

 department, groom of the almonry. 



There was formerly also, in the lord steward's department, a groom- 

 porter, who is said to have succeeded to the office of master of the 

 revels, then disused. His business was to see the king's lodging 

 f urnished with tables, chairs, stools, and firing ; as also to provide cards, 

 dice, &c., and to decide disputes arising at cards, dice, bowling, &c. 



From allusions in some of Ben Jonson's and Chapman's plays, it 

 appears that the groom-porter was formerly allowed to keep an open 

 gambling-table at Christmas : it is mentioned as still existing in one of 

 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's eclogues : 



41 At the groom-porter* 't batter'd bullies play." 



Thursday, Eel. 4, Dodslcy's Collect., i. 107. 



This abuse was removed in the reign of George III. Bray, in his 

 account of the Lord of Misrule, in the ' Archscologia,' vol. xviii., p. 317, 

 says, George I. and II. played hazard in public on certain days, attended 

 by the groom-porter. The appellation, however, is still kept up : the 

 names of three groom-porters occur among the inferior servants in the 

 present enumeration of Her Majesty's household. 



GROUND-BASE, in music, a subject consisting of very few bars, 

 adopted as a base, and continually repeated during the whole move- 

 ment, while the upper part, or parts, proceed at liberty. That the 

 composers of the 1 7th century were proud of displaying their patience 

 and industry by writing on subjects of this kind, we have many proofs 

 remaining, one whereof, a chaconne by Purcell, which is equally good 

 as an example and as a composition, is given in Dr. Crotch's ' Specimens,' 

 vol. ii. p. 91. 



GROUND GRU. [Icr..] 



GROUND TACKLE comprises anchor, cable, bitts, stoppers, wind- 

 lass, and all the articles and appliances used in securing a ship at 

 anchor. 



Enough for our purpose has been said of the anchor under its proper 

 head [ANCHOR], to which we refer. 



That the whole subject claims attention, and is worthy of anxious 

 investigation, may not only be gathered from a consideration of the 

 disasters which have so lately strewn our coasts with wreck (too many 

 of these wrecks arising from defects in ground tackle), but parliament 

 has just received favourably the application from Sir J. Elphinstone 



